Probing nuclear bubble configuration by the π⁻/π⁺ ratio in heavy-ion collisions

It is theoretically and experimentally argued that there may exist bubble or toroid-shaped configurations in some nucleus systems. Based on the nuclear transport model, it is shown that compared with the collision of normal nuclei, there is a depletion of central density of compression with bubble configurations in projectile and target nuclei. This depletion of central compression density may affect some observables in heavy-ion collisions.