Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 50 references

Using Deposition Rate and Substrate Temperature to Manipulate Liquid Crystal-like Order in a Vapor-deposited Hexagonal Columnar Glass

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Vapor-deposited discotic glass obeys rate-temperature superposition, with a 17 K-per-decade shift factor for orientation and a 9 K shift for hexagonal order.

desk verdict Solid first extension of RTS to a columnar LC glass, but the master-curve evidence needs a closer statistical look before I'd fully trust the 17 K/decade factor. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.11081 v1 pith:JT2JHCMZ submitted 2026-08-11 cond-mat.soft cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Camille Bishop , Zhenxuan Chen , Michael F. Toney , Harald Bock , Lian Yu , M.D. Ediger This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.softcond-mat.mtrl-sci MSC 82D30
keywords physicalvapordepositionrate-temperaturesuperpositionhexagonalcolumnarliquidcrystalorientationalorderglassymaterialssurfacemobilityorganicelectronicsGIWAXS
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper asks whether two processing controls — how fast molecules are deposited and how warm the substrate is — can be traded against each other to produce the same glassy structure. For a disc-shaped molecule that forms a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal, the answer is yes: lowering the deposition rate tenfold has the same effect on molecular orientation as raising the substrate temperature by 17 K, over substrate temperatures from 0.75 to 1.0 times the glass transition temperature. The same trade-off, with a different shift factor of 9 K per decade, also describes how perfectly the hexagonal columns pack. The result matters because it reduces a two-dimensional processing search to a one-dimensional curve, and because columnar liquid-crystal glasses are candidate materials for organic electronic devices.

What carries the argument

The central machinery is the rate-temperature superposition (RTS) master curve, built on the surface-equilibration mechanism of physical vapor deposition: molecules landing on a glass have enhanced mobility at the free surface, so they partially equilibrate before being buried, and a slower deposition rate gives them more time just as a hotter substrate gives them more speed. Quantitatively, the shift factor is the temperature change that compensates for a tenfold rate change — here 17 K per decade for orientation and nearest-neighbor distance, and 9 K per decade for hexagonal columnar order, corresponding to activation energies of about 110 kJ/mol and 210 kJ/mol. The SGIWAXS order parameter, computed from the azimuthal anisotropy of the π-stacking peak, is the metric that carries the orientational part of the argument.

What would settle it

Deposit phenanthroperylene-ester at substrate temperatures below 0.75Tg, such as 0.70Tg, over several decades of deposition rate and check whether SGIWAXS still collapses onto the 17 K-per-decade master curve; if the low-temperature points split off, RTS does not hold over the full claimed range. Alternatively, measure the mobility profile near the free surface and test whether the depth required to perfect hexagonal order (about two molecular layers) is consistent with a surface where mobility is still enhanced; a finding that hexagonal order equilibration requires bulk-like dynamics would falsify the explanation.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that rate-temperature superposition (RTS) governs the structure of vapor-deposited glasses of phenanthroperylene-ester, a discotic molecule with an equilibrium hexagonal columnar phase. For substrate temperatures between 0.75Tg and 1.0Tg, the orientational order parameter SGIWAXS and the optical birefringence measured across different deposition rates and substrate temperatures collapse onto a single master curve when the deposition rate is rescaled with a shift factor of 17 K per decade. The apparent face-to-face nearest-neighbor distance follows the same shift factor. Hexagonal columnar order also superposes, but with a smaller shift factor of 9 K per decade, implying that different types of order equilibrate at different depths beneath the free surface. With the right deposition conditions, vapor-deposited glasses match the liquid-cooled glass in molecular orientation and nearest-neighbor distance, while hexagonal order remains slightly less perfect; the authors attribute this to a gradient of molecular mobility that extends only a few nanometres below the free surface.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that a glass formed by cooling the equilibrium liquid crystal at about 2.5 K/min truly represents the equilibrium liquid-crystal structure; if residual relaxation occurs during that cool, the reference values used to judge whether PVD glasses reach equilibrium would be shifted.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Manufacturers can trade deposition rate against substrate temperature and still hit the same target structure, enabling lower-temperature processing when heat would damage other layers.
  • The two-dimensional processing space of rate and temperature collapses to a single master curve, so optimizing one parameter curve replaces a full grid search.
  • Vapor deposition can match the equilibrium liquid-crystal glass in orientation and nearest-neighbor distance, so highly ordered columnar films can be made without melt processing near the melting point.
  • Because the two types of order have different shift factors, the free-surface mobility gradient identifies which structural features can be perfected by PVD and which require equilibration deeper in the film.
  • The tunable nearest-neighbor distance (3.47 to 3.70 Å) suggests a route to continuously adjust π-π overlap, a parameter linked to charge mobility in organic semiconductors.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If RTS generalizes to other discotic mesogens, deposition rate becomes a practical dial for adjusting charge-transport anisotropy in organic electronic films, not just for this molecule.
  • The two distinct shift factors imply that a single 'effective deposition temperature' cannot describe the full structure of a vapor-deposited glass; multi-order-parameter thinking may be needed for other processing routes.
  • A direct test of the mobility-gradient explanation would be to measure charge mobility in films deposited at rate–temperature pairs on the same master curve; the structural data predict nearly identical mobility for equivalent effective rates.
  • Depositing on a substrate engineered with a faster mobile surface layer should improve hexagonal order at otherwise identical conditions, a testable prediction of the depth-of-equilibration picture.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a study of physical vapor deposition of a phenanthroperylene-ester that forms a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal. By varying substrate temperature from 0.75Tg to 1.0Tg and deposition rate over roughly one decade (10^-0.3 to 10^0.7 Å/s), the authors characterize molecular orientation via GIWAXS-derived SGIWAXS and optical birefringence, apparent face-to-face nearest-neighbor distance dnn, and hexagonal order via the FWHM Δχ of the q~0.4 Å-1 azimuthal peak. They claim that orientation obeys rate-temperature superposition (RTS) with a shift factor of 17 K/decade, that dnn is consistent with the same factor, and that hexagonal order obeys RTS with a distinct 9 K/decade factor. They interpret these results with a surface equilibration mechanism and a mobility gradient at the free surface, and compare PVD glasses to a liquid-cooled reference.

Significance. If the RTS claims are correct, the paper extends RTS to a new class of anisotropic glasses—hexagonal columnar liquid crystals—over a wider substrate-temperature range than previous work, and it provides a practical route to tune orientational and positional order by choosing deposition rate and temperature. The paper's strengths include the combination of two independent measures of orientation (SGIWAXS and birefringence), a correlation between them, a genuine independent test of the orientation shift factor on dnn using a pre-determined factor, and an explicit discussion of the limitations of SGIWAXS at extreme orientation. However, the central RTS evidence is presented without reporting the collapse procedure or overlap analysis, so the claim is not yet established at the standard required.

major comments (3)
  1. [Orientational Order; Fig. 2D] The master-curve collapse in Fig. 2D is not supported by a transparent analysis. The text states that the data 'can be collapsed into a single master curve with a shift factor of 17 K/decade' but does not report how the shift factor was determined, whether the effective-rate ranges of adjacent substrate temperatures overlap, or the scatter of the collapsed data. Given the deposition-rate window of about one decade (10^-0.3 to 10^0.7 Å/s) and a 17 K/decade shift, isotherms separated by more than ~17 K shift by more than one decade and may occupy disjoint effective-rate intervals; several temperature pairs in the reported set (e.g., 293/315, 315/340, 340/360, 360/380 K) exceed this spacing. The apparent collapse could therefore result from fitting a smooth curve through non-overlapping segments. Please provide the effective-rate interval for each isotherm, an overlap analysis, and a quantitative measure of collapse quality (e.g., RMS deviation from the master curve). The dnn test in Fig. 3C, which uses the pre-determined shift factor, is a genuine independent check and partially supports RTS, but it does not replace the need for a demonstrated overlap for the orientation data.
  2. [Hexagonal order; Fig. 4D] The 9 K/decade shift factor for the hexagonal-order parameter Δχ is introduced without stating whether it was fitted to the Δχ data. If it was fitted, the superposition in Fig. 4D is self-consistent by construction. The SI edge-to-edge disc-spacing analysis (Fig. S9) is not an independent test because it is plotted against effective rates computed with the same 9 K/decade factor. Please report the fitting procedure and provide an independent validation, for example a leave-one-temperature-out analysis or a separate structural metric not used in the fit, before claiming that hexagonal order obeys RTS with a distinct shift factor.
  3. [Methods, Liquid-cooled glass preparation; Discussion] The reference liquid-cooled glass is assumed to represent the equilibrium liquid crystal structure based on the assertion that 'below Tg, liquid crystalline structural features in glasses are essentially fixed.' The sample is cooled from 457 K to 387 K at ~2.5 K/min, and no evidence is presented that residual relaxation is negligible during this cool. If partial relaxation occurs, the reference values for dnn, SGIWAXS/birefringence, and Δχ are not true equilibrium values, which would affect the conclusions that PVD glasses reach equilibrium for orientation and dnn but not for hexagonal order. Please provide support for this assumption (e.g., measurements at a different cooling rate) or explicitly discuss the sensitivity of the comparison to the reference state.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Results, Orientational Order] The sentence describing the dnn RTS test says the result is 'as shown in Figure 3A'; this should refer to Figure 3C, since Figure 3A is the schematic illustration of dnn.
  2. [Methods, X-ray scattering; SI Section 1] No error estimates are provided for SGIWAXS values in Figures 2A and 2D. Please add at least an estimate of measurement reproducibility or a statement of how missing q- and χ-regions affect the calculated values, so that the quality of the master-curve collapse can be evaluated.
  3. [Results, dnn analysis] The phrase 'using a shift factor of 17 K/decades' in the dnn paragraph contains a typo; it should be '17 K/decade.'
  4. [SI Section 3] The cross-reference 'shown in Figure S6' for the GIWAXS pattern of the 315 K sample is inconsistent with the figure numbering; the pattern appears to be Figure S7.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

Orientational and hexagonal RTS master curves rely on shift factors fitted to the same data; only the dnn comparison is an independent test.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Results — Orientational Order (Figure 2D); also Abstract]
    "We find that the data presented in Figures 2A and 2B can be collapsed into a single master curve with a shift factor of 17 K/decade, i.e., by equating the orientational order prepared by a 17 K rise in Tsub to that resulting from depositing 10 times more slowly."

    The shift factor is obtained by collapsing the very orientation/birefringence isotherms it is then used to express as a master curve; it is not determined from an independent observable or from a model fixed before the experiment. The paper reports no overlap criterion or collapse residual. With deposition rates spanning only one decade (10^-0.3 to 10^0.7 Å/s), a 17 K/decade shift moves many adjacent Tsub isotherms out of the measured rate window, so those segments can be repositioned almost arbitrarily; a smooth master curve is then essentially constructed by choosing the shift, not by an overlapping superposition.

  2. fitted input called prediction [Results — Hexagonal order (Figure 4D); SI Section 4]
    "We test the RTS principle for hexagonal order, and find that Δχ superposes successfully, but with a different shift factor ... In Figure 4D, we show Δχ as a function of the effective deposition rate calculated from a superposition factor of 9 K per decade."

    The 9 K/decade factor is introduced in the same sentence that reports the successful superposition of Δχ; no independent determination is provided, and no test on data not used to select the factor is performed in the main text. SI Section 4 then plots the edge-to-edge disc spacing against the 'shift factor of 9 K/decade found for hexagonal order in the main text,' so it merely reuses the fitted input rather than validating it. Thus the hexagonal-order RTS is a self-consistent rescaling: the data are shifted by a parameter chosen to make them fall on a curve, and that same chosen parameter is then cited as evidence that RTS holds.

full rationale

The paper's central RTS analysis is partially circular: the 17 K/decade and 9 K/decade shift factors are chosen by collapsing the same orientational and Δχ data sets that are then presented as evidence for RTS. Standard reduced-variable analyses do fit shift factors, so this is not automatically a defect; the problem is that the text gives no measure of overlap or collapse quality, and the global rate window (~10^-0.3 to 10^0.7 Å/s) is only about one decade, while the quoted 17 K/decade shift moves Tsub differences of ~20 K beyond the entire window. Non-overlapping isotherms can be made to lie on a smooth curve for a range of shift factors, so the master curve does not by itself establish a predictive superposition. The dnn analysis is an independent check because the 17 K/decade factor was fixed from orientation data before being applied to dnn, although the paper concedes it did not fit the factor because of large errors; this weakens but does not eliminate the external anchor. The hexagonal-order RTS, by contrast, has no independent test: the SI reuses the 9 K/decade factor found from the same Δχ data. The liquid-cooled-glass reference uses a self-cited assertion that LC order is frozen below Tg, but that prior result is an experimental claim independent of the present fits and is not the load-bearing source of the RTS claim. Overall, some central 'predictions' reduce to fitted rescaling parameters, so a score of 6 is appropriate; the paper is not wholly circular because dnn and the liquid-cooled glass provide external comparisons.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central empirical claim (RTS) rests on two fitted shift factors and several unmeasured assumptions about surface mobility and structural arrest. No invented entities are introduced. The main independent check is the dnn prediction using the orientation-fitted shift factor.

free parameters (3)
  • Orientational order shift factor a_orient = 17 K per decade
    Fitted to collapse SGIWAXS and birefringence data onto a single master curve in Figure 2D; used to compute effective deposition rate at 392 K.
  • Hexagonal order shift factor a_hex = 9 K per decade
    Fitted to collapse Delta-chi (FWHM of the chi ~ 60 degree peak) in Figure 4D; different from the orientational shift factor, attributed to deeper equilibration.
  • Boltzmann extrapolation parameters for SGIWAXS = not reported per sample
    Empirical Boltzmann functions are used to extrapolate scattering into inaccessible chi regions (0 to 10 degrees and 86 to 90 degrees) before computing SGIWAXS (SI Section 1); uncertainty is acknowledged but not quantified.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption Newly deposited molecules partially equilibrate at a highly mobile free surface before being buried by subsequent deposition.
    Surface equilibration mechanism invoked throughout the Discussion to explain RTS and differences in maximum order; supported by prior references but not directly measured in this paper.
  • domain assumption There is a strong gradient in mobility and activation energy near the free surface, with bulk-like dynamics at roughly 5 nm depth.
    Used to explain why orientation and dnn saturate but hexagonal order does not; based on prior work on other organic glasses, not measured for phenanthroperylene-ester.
  • domain assumption Below Tg, liquid crystalline structural features in glasses are essentially fixed, so a liquid-cooled glass at 5 K below Tg represents the equilibrium LC just above Tg.
    Methods, Liquid-cooled glass preparation; load-bearing for comparing PVD glasses with the equilibrium LC reference.
  • domain assumption The q ~ 1.8 inverse angstrom scattering peak arises from face-to-face pi-pi stacking and the q ~ 0.4 inverse angstrom peak from hexagonal columnar packing.
    Standard interpretation for discotic liquid crystals; used to define SGIWAXS, dnn, and Delta-chi.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Using Deposition Rate and Substrate Temperature to Manipulate Liquid Crystal-like Order in a Vapor-deposited Hexagonal Columnar Glass." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/JT2JHCMZ

@misc{pith2026260811081,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Using Deposition Rate and Substrate Temperature to Manipulate Liquid Crystal-like Order in a Vapor-deposited Hexagonal Columnar Glass},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/JT2JHCMZ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.11081}
}
read the original abstract

We investigate vapor-deposited glasses of a phenanthroperylene-ester, known to form an equilibrium hexagonal columnar phase, and show that liquid crystal-like order can be manipulated by the choice of deposition rate and substrate temperature during deposition. We find that rate-temperature superposition (RTS), the equivalence of lowering deposition rate and raising substrate temperature, can be used to predict and control the molecular orientation in vapor-deposited glasses over a wide range of substrate temperatures (0.75Tg to 1.0Tg). This work extends RTS to a new structural motif, hexagonal columnar liquid crystal order, which is being explored for organic electronics applications. By several metrics, including the apparent average face-to-face nearest-neighbor distance, PVD glasses of the phenanthroperylene-ester are as ordered as the glass prepared by cooling the equilibrium liquid crystal. By other measures, the PVD glasses are less ordered than the cooled liquid crystal. We explain the difference in the maximum attainable order with the existence of a gradient in molecular mobility at the free surface of a liquid crystal, and its impact upon different mechanisms of structural rearrangement. This free surface equilibration mechanism explains the success of the RTS principle and provides guidance regarding the types of order most readily enhanced by vapor deposition. This work extends the applicability of RTS to include molecular systems with a diverse range of higher-order liquid crystalline morphologies that could be useful for new organic electronic applications.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2608.11081 by the authors.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Measures of orientational order of vapor-deposited phenanthroperylene-ester depend on both Tsub and deposition rate, and show deposition rate-substrate temperature superposition (RTS). A) The GIWAXS-derived orientational order parameter SGIWAXS for the q ~ 1.8 Å-1 (face￾to-face nearest-neighbor interactions) peak vs. the log of the deposition rate at several substrate temperatures and for the liquid-cooled glass. SG… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. The apparent average nearest-neighbor distance dnn is significantly modified by deposition rate and substrate temperature and can be described using deposition rate-substrate temperature superposition (RTS). A) Illustration quantifying dnn – the average distance between two adjacent disc-like molecules in the vapor-deposited glass. B) dnn of vapor-deposited phenanthroperylene-ester as a function of deposition rate a… view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

50 extracted references · 50 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    F.; Bock, H.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M

    Gujral, A.; Gómez, J.; Ruan, S.; Toney, M. F.; Bock, H.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M. D., Vapor- Deposited Glasses with Long-Range Columnar Liquid Crystalline Order. Chemistry of Materials 2017, 29 (21), 9110-9119

    work page 2017

  2. [2]

    C.; Bock, H.; Von Seggern, H.; Bechtold, I

    Eccher, J.; Faria, G. C.; Bock, H.; Von Seggern, H.; Bechtold, I. H., Order Induced Charge Carrier Mobility Enhancement in Columnar Liquid Crystal Diodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2013, 5, 11935-11943

    work page 2013

  3. [3]

    S.; Walters, D

    Dalal, S. S.; Walters, D. M.; Lyubimov, I.; de Pablo, J. J.; Ediger, M. D., Tunable molecular orientation and elevated thermal stability of vapor-deposited organic semiconductors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015, 112 (14), 4227

    work page 2015

  4. [4]

    D.; Lugli, P.; Lmimouni, K.; Dufour, C., Effects of grain boundaries, field-dependent mobility, and interface trap states on the 31 electrical characteristics of pentacene TFT

    Bolognesi, A.; Berliocchi, M.; Manenti, M.; Carlo, A. D.; Lugli, P.; Lmimouni, K.; Dufour, C., Effects of grain boundaries, field-dependent mobility, and interface trap states on the 31 electrical characteristics of pentacene TFT. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 2004, 51 (12), 1997-2003

    work page 2004

  5. [5]

    D.; Lampe, T.; Sylvinson M

    Schmidt, T. D.; Lampe, T.; Sylvinson M. R, D.; Djurovich, P. I.; Thompson, M. E.; Brütting, W., Emitter Orientation as a Key Parameter in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Physical Review Applied 2017, 8 (3), 037001

    work page 2017

  6. [6]

    Journal of Materials Chemistry 2011, 21, 19187-19202

    Yokoyama, D., Molecular orientation in small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2011, 21, 19187-19202

    work page 2011

  7. [7]

    Science Advances 2018, 4 (5), eaar8332

    Ràfols-Ribé, J.; Will, P.-A.; Hänisch, C.; Gonzalez-Silveira, M.; Lenk, S.; Rodríguez- Viejo, J.; Reineke, S., High-performance organic light-emitting diodes comprising ultrastable glass layers. Science Advances 2018, 4 (5), eaar8332

    work page 2018

  8. [8]

    M., Ordered materials for organic electronics and photonics

    O'Neill, M.; Kelly, S. M., Ordered materials for organic electronics and photonics. Advanced Materials 2011, 23, 566-584

    work page 2011

Show all 50 references
  1. [9]

    C.; Bock, H.; von Seggern, H.; Pisula, W.; Bechtold, I

    Eccher, J.; Zajaczkowski, W.; Faria, G. C.; Bock, H.; von Seggern, H.; Pisula, W.; Bechtold, I. H., Thermal Evaporation versus Spin-Coating: Electrical Performance in Columnar Liquid Crystal OLEDs. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2015, 7, 16374-16381

    2015

  2. [10]

    Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1974, 16 (2), 171-194

    Suga, H.; Seki, S., Thermodynamic investigation on glassy states of pure simple compounds. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 1974, 16 (2), 171-194

    1974

  3. [11]

    D.; Yu, L., Organic Glasses with Tunable Liquid-Crystalline Order

    Teerakapibal, R.; Huang, C.; Gujral, A.; Ediger, M. D.; Yu, L., Organic Glasses with Tunable Liquid-Crystalline Order. Physical Review Letters 2018, 120 (5), 055502

    2018

  4. [12]

    Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1971, 44 (10), 2887-2887

    Sorai, M.; Seki, S., Glassy Liquid Crystal of the Nematic Phase of N-(o-Hydroxy-p- methoxybenzylidene)-p-butylaniline. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1971, 44 (10), 2887-2887

    1971

  5. [13]

    Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1971, 44 (5), 1452-1452

    Tsuji, K.; Sorai, M.; Seki, S., New Finding of Glassy Liquid Crystal – a Non-equilibrium State of Cholesteryl Hydrogen Phthalate. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1971, 44 (5), 1452-1452

    1971

  6. [14]

    S.; Moreira, T

    Farias, G.; Simeão, D. S.; Moreira, T. S.; dos Santos, P. L.; Bentaleb, A.; Girotto, E.; Monkman, A. P.; Eccher, J.; Durola, F.; Bock, H.; de Souza, B.; Bechtold, I. H., An unusual plank-shaped nematogen with a graphene nanoribbon core. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2019, 7...

    2019

  7. [15]

    Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51 (21), 5200-5203

    Kelber, J.; Achard, M.-F.; Durola, F.; Bock, H., Distorted Arene Core Allows Room- Temperature Columnar Liquid-Crystal Glass with Minimal Side Chains. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51 (21), 5200-5203

    2012

  8. [16]

    H.; Bushby, R

    Al-Lawati, Z. H.; Bushby, R. J.; Evans, S. D., Alignment of a Columnar Hexagonal Discotic Liquid Crystal on Self-Assembled Monolayers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2013, 117 (15), 7533-7539

    2013

  9. [17]

    J.; Lozman, O

    Bushby, R. J.; Lozman, O. R., Discotic liquid crystals 25 years on. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2002, 7 (5), 343-354

    2002

  10. [18]

    Reports on Progress in Physics 1991, 54 (3), 391-451

    Jerome, B., Surface effects and anchoring in liquid crystals. Reports on Progress in Physics 1991, 54 (3), 391-451

    1991

  11. [19]

    D., Vapor deposition of a smectic liquid crystal: highly anisotropic, homogeneous glasses with tunable molecular orientation

    Gómez, J.; Jiang, J.; Gujral, A.; Huang, C.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M. D., Vapor deposition of a smectic liquid crystal: highly anisotropic, homogeneous glasses with tunable molecular orientation. Soft Matter 2016, 12, 2942-2947

    2016

  12. [20]

    A.; Toney, M

    Gujral, A.; Gómez, J.; Jiang, J.; Huang, C.; O’Hara, K. A.; Toney, M. F.; Chabinyc, M. L.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M. D., Highly Organized Smectic-like Packing in Vapor-Deposited Glasses of a Liquid Crystal. Chemistry of Materials 2017, 29, 849-858. 32

    2017

  13. [21]

    F.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M

    Bishop, C.; Gujral, A.; Toney, M. F.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M. D., Vapor-Deposited Glass Structure Determined by Deposition Rate–Substrate Temperature Superposition Principle. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2019, 10 (13), 3536-3542

    2019

  14. [22]

    F.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M

    Bishop, C.; Li, Y.; Toney, M. F.; Yu, L.; Ediger, M. D., Molecular Orientation for Vapor- Deposited Organic Glasses Follows Rate-Temperature Superposition: The Case of Posaconazole. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2020, 124 (12), 2505-2513

    2020

  15. [23]

    F.; Kearns, K

    Swallen, S. F.; Kearns, K. L.; Mapes, M. K.; Kim, Y. S.; McMahon, R. J.; Ediger, M. D.; Wu, T.; Yu, L.; Satija, S., Organic Glasses with Exceptional Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability. Science 2007, 315 (5810), 353

    2007

  16. [24]

    Chen, Y.; Chen, Z.; Tylinski, M.; Ediger, M. D.; Yu, L., Effect of molecular size and hydrogen bonding on three surface-facilitated processes in molecular glasses: Surface diffusion, surface crystal growth, and formation of stable glasses by vapor deposition. The Journal of Ch...

    2019

  17. [25]

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116 (43), 21341

    Harrowell, P., Orientationally ordered glasses via controlled deposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116 (43), 21341

    2019

  18. [26]

    M.; Rodney, D.; Ediger, M

    Lyubimov, I.; Antony, L.; Walters, D. M.; Rodney, D.; Ediger, M. D.; de Pablo, J. J., Orientational anisotropy in simulated vapor-deposited molecular glasses. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2015, 143, 094502

    2015

  19. [27]

    E.; Gujral, A.; Huang, C.; Toney, M

    Bagchi, K.; Jackson, N. E.; Gujral, A.; Huang, C.; Toney, M. F.; Yu, L.; de Pablo, J. J.; Ediger, M. D., Origin of Anisotropic Molecular Packing in Vapor-Deposited Alq3 Glasses. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2019, 10, 164-170

    2019

  20. [28]

    R.; Huang, G.; Wolf, S.; Walsh, P

    Moore, A. R.; Huang, G.; Wolf, S.; Walsh, P. J.; Fakhraai, Z.; Riggleman, R. A., Effects of microstructure formation on the stability of vapor-deposited glasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116 (13), 5937

    2019

  21. [29]

    L.; Gann, E.; Toney, M

    Bishop, C.; Thelen, J. L.; Gann, E.; Toney, M. F.; Yu, L.; DeLongchamp, D. M.; Ediger, M. D., Vapor deposition of a nonmesogen prepares highly structured organic glasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116 (43), 21421

    2019

  22. [30]

    D.; Savikhin, V.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Burgers, M

    Oosterhout, S. D.; Savikhin, V.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Burgers, M. A.; Marder, S. R.; Bazan, G. C.; Toney, M. F., Mixing Behavior in Small Molecule:Fullerene Organic Photovoltaics. Chemistry of Materials 2017, 29 (7), 3062-3069

    2017

  23. [31]

    Journal of Applied Crystallography 2012, 45 (2), 324-328

    Ilavsky, J., Nika: software for two-dimensional data reduction. Journal of Applied Crystallography 2012, 45 (2), 324-328

    2012

  24. [32]

    G.; Quintana, J

    Zhang, F.; Ilavsky, J.; Long, G. G.; Quintana, J. P. G.; Allen, A. J.; Jemian, P. R., Glassy Carbon as an Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle Scattering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2010, 41 (5), 1151-1158

    2010

  25. [33]

    L.; Jimison, L

    Baker, J. L.; Jimison, L. H.; Mannsfeld, S.; Volkman, S.; Yin, S.; Subramanian, V.; Salleo, A.; Alivisatos, A. P.; Toney, M. F., Quantification of Thin Film Crystallographic Orientation Using X-ray Diffraction with an Area Detector. Langmuir 2010, 26, 9146-9151

    2010

  26. [34]

    A.; Toney, M

    Gujral, A.; O'Hara, K. A.; Toney, M. F.; Chabinyc, M. L.; Ediger, M. D., Structural characterization of vapor-deposited glasses of an organic hole transport material with X-ray scattering. Chemistry of Materials 2015, 27, 3341-3348

    2015

  27. [35]

    L.; Alguire, E

    Liu, T.; Exarhos, A. L.; Alguire, E. C.; Gao, F.; Salami-Ranjbaran, E.; Cheng, K.; Jia, T.; Subotnik, J. E.; Walsh, P. J.; Kikkawa, J. M.; Fakhraai, Z., Birefringent Stable Glass with Predominantly Isotropic Molecular Orientation. Physical Review Letters 2017, 119, 095502

    2017

  28. [36]

    A.; Olivier, Y.; Silbey, R.; Brédas, J.-L., Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors

    Coropceanu, V.; Cornil, J.; da Silva Filho, D. A.; Olivier, Y.; Silbey, R.; Brédas, J.-L., Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107 (4), 926-952. 33

    2007

  29. [37]

    Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2015, 3 (42), 11178-11191

    Shibata, M.; Sakai, Y.; Yokoyama, D., Advantages and disadvantages of vacuum- deposited and spin-coated amorphous organic semiconductor films for organic light-emitting diodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2015, 3 (42), 11178-11191

    2015

  30. [38]

    Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2016, 100, 3-9

    Yu, L., Surface mobility of molecular glasses and its importance in physical stability. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2016, 100, 3-9

    2016

  31. [39]

    N.; Jin, Y.; Walsh, P

    Samanta, S.; Huang, G.; Gao, G.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, A.; Wolf, S.; Woods, C. N.; Jin, Y.; Walsh, P. J.; Fakhraai, Z., Exploring the Importance of Surface Diffusion in Stability of Vapor- Deposited Organic Glasses. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2019, 123 (18), 4108-4117

    2019

  32. [40]

    Physical Review Letters 2017, 119 (18), 188002

    Berthier, L.; Charbonneau, P.; Flenner, E.; Zamponi, F., Origin of Ultrastability in Vapor-Deposited Glasses. Physical Review Letters 2017, 119 (18), 188002

    2017

  33. [41]

    R.; Geerts, Y

    De Cupere, V.; Tant, J.; Viville, P.; Lazzaroni, R.; Osikowicz, W.; Salaneck, W. R.; Geerts, Y. H., Effect of Interfaces on the Alignment of a Discotic Liquid−Crystalline Phthalocyanine. Langmuir 2006, 22 (18), 7798-7806

    2006

  34. [42]

    Europhysics Letters (EPL) 2006, 73 (5), 712-718

    Grelet, E.; Bock, H., Control of the orientation of thin open supported columnar liquid crystal films by the kinetics of growth. Europhysics Letters (EPL) 2006, 73 (5), 712-718

    2006

  35. [43]

    D.; Yu, L., Surface diffusion and surface crystal growth of tris-naphthyl benzene glasses

    Ruan, S.; Zhang, W.; Sun, Y.; Ediger, M. D.; Yu, L., Surface diffusion and surface crystal growth of tris-naphthyl benzene glasses. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2016, 145 (6), 064503

    2016

  36. [44]

    S., Theory of activated glassy relaxation, mobility gradients, surface diffusion, and vitrification in free standing thin films

    Mirigian, S.; Schweizer, K. S., Theory of activated glassy relaxation, mobility gradients, surface diffusion, and vitrification in free standing thin films. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2015, 143 (24), 244705

    2015

  37. [45]

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2017, 114 (19), 4915

    Zhang, Y.; Fakhraai, Z., Decoupling of surface diffusion and relaxation dynamics of molecular glasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2017, 114 (19), 4915

    2017

  38. [46]

    Using deposition rate and substrate temperature to manipulate liquid crystal-like order in a vapor-deposited hexagonal columnar glass

    Panova, O.; Ophus, C.; Takacs, C. J.; Bustillo, K. C.; Balhorn, L.; Salleo, A.; Balsara, N.; Minor, A. M., Diffraction imaging of nanocrystalline structures in organic semiconductor molecular thin films. Nature Materials 2019, 18 (8), 860-865. TOC Graphic S1 Supplementary Info...

    2019

  39. [47]

    University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706 (USA)

  40. [48]

    University of Wisconsin – Madison, School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705 (USA)

  41. [49]

    University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, CO 80309 (USA)

  42. [50]

    shift factor

    Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, 115, av. Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac (France) Section 1. SGIWAXS calculation procedures. To calculate SGIWAXS, we first perform a background subtraction. All of the following procedures are shown for X-ray scattering...

Pith tools

Reviewed August 12, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.