Agri-GNN: A Novel Genotypic-Topological Graph Neural Network Framework Built on GraphSAGE for Optimized Yield Prediction

Agriculture, as the cornerstone of human civilization, constantly seeks to integrate technology for enhanced productivity and sustainability. This paper introduces $\textit{Agri-GNN}$, a novel Genotypic-Topological Graph Neural Network Framework tailored to capture the intricate spatial and genotypic interactions of crops, paving the way for optimized predictions of harvest yields. $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ constructs a Graph $\mathcal{G}$ that considers farming plots as nodes, and then methodically constructs edges between nodes based on spatial and genotypic similarity, allowing for the aggregation of node information through a genotypic-topological filter. Graph Neural Networks (GNN), by design, consider the relationships between data points, enabling them to efficiently model the interconnected agricultural ecosystem. By harnessing the power of GNNs, $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ encapsulates both local and global information from plants, considering their inherent connections based on spatial proximity and shared genotypes, allowing stronger predictions to be made than traditional Machine Learning architectures. $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ is built from the GraphSAGE architecture, because of its optimal calibration with large graphs, like those of farming plots and breeding experiments. $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ experiments, conducted on a comprehensive dataset of vegetation indices, time, genotype information, and location data, demonstrate that $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ achieves an $R^2 = .876$ in yield predictions for farming fields in Iowa. The results show significant improvement over the baselines and other work in the field. $\textit{Agri-GNN}$ represents a blueprint for using advanced graph-based neural architectures to predict crop yield, providing significant improvements over baselines in the field.