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Can Mamba Learn How to Learn? A Comparative Study on In-Context Learning Tasks

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arxiv 2402.04248 v2 pith:JWORBE7C submitted 2024-02-06 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords tasksmodelsssmsmambalanguagelearningattentionhybrid
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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State-space models (SSMs), such as Mamba (Gu & Dao, 2023), have been proposed as alternatives to Transformer networks in language modeling, by incorporating gating, convolutions, and input-dependent token selection to mitigate the quadratic cost of multi-head attention. Although SSMs exhibit competitive performance, their in-context learning (ICL) capabilities, a remarkable emergent property of modern language models that enables task execution without parameter optimization, remain underexplored compared to Transformers. In this study, we evaluate the ICL performance of SSMs, focusing on Mamba, against Transformer models across various tasks. Our results show that SSMs perform comparably to Transformers in standard regression ICL tasks, while outperforming them in tasks like sparse parity learning. However, SSMs fall short in tasks involving non-standard retrieval functionality. To address these limitations, we introduce a hybrid model, MambaFormer, that combines Mamba with attention blocks, surpassing individual models in tasks where they struggle independently. Our findings suggest that hybrid architectures offer promising avenues for enhancing ICL in language models.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 10 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Muon Meets Mamba: Spectral Optimization for State Space Models

    cs.LG 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    On Mamba-2 130M, Muon on the output projection alone gives lower validation loss and better token efficiency than Muon on the input projection or on both, across corpora and budgets.

  2. Raven: High-Recall Sequence Modeling with Sparse Memory Routing

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Raven is a linear-time sequence model whose sparse, input-dependent routing writes tokens into dedicated memory slots, preserving long-context recall and extrapolating 16x beyond training length.

  3. Next-Latent Prediction Transformers Learn Compact World Models

    cs.LG 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    NextLat augments next-token prediction with latent next-state prediction, theoretically converging latents to belief states and showing empirical gains in world modeling, reasoning, planning, and faster inference via ...

  4. How Can Mamba Learn In Context with Outliers and Generalize Provably?

    cs.LG 2025-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A simplified one-layer Mamba provably learns in-context binary classification tolerating outlier fractions approaching 1, whereas a linear Transformer can only tolerate α < 1/2.

  5. A Systematic Analysis of Hybrid Linear Attention

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic 72-model study shows standalone linear-attention quality does not predict hybrid performance, and a 3:1 to 6:1 linear-to-full ratio best balances recall against KV-cache cost.

  6. Routing Mamba: Scaling State Space Models with Mixture-of-Experts Projection

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Routing Mamba applies mixture-of-experts to Mamba projection layers with one shared router, reporting perplexity parity with dense Mamba at roughly half the active parameters on 20B-token pretraining.

  7. Balancing Computation Load and Representation Expressivity in Parallel Hybrid Neural Networks

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    FlowHN splits input tokens between parallel attention and SSM branches to balance compute load, improving throughput and hardware utilization in small autoregressive language models.

  8. ZUNA1.1: A more flexible EEG foundation model for Denoising and Super-resolution

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ZUNA1.1, an open-source 380M EEG diffusion autoencoder, reconstructs variable-length, flexibly masked EEG at least as well as its predecessor and far better than spherical spline interpolation.

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