Crossover Behavior in the Packing and Assembly of Multivalent Lock-and-Key Colloids

Emergent behaviors occur in a vast array of systems across many scales, and are of fundamental physical importance because of the intrinsic difficulty in linking microscopic system properties to macroscopic behaviors. Here we study the emergent self-assembly behavior of model systems of recently synthesized families of concave dimpled hard spheres, or lock-and-key colloids. We find that as dimple size increases each family exhibits a crossover from a structure that does not reflect the particle symmetry to one that does and, surprisingly, the point at which this crossover occurs is approximately independent of the particle symmetry. Using a combination of numerical and analytic techniques we study systems at infinite and finite pressure, and find different common control parameters in each limit. Our results suggest there exists a set of experimentally realizable colloidal systems that exhibit complex emergent behaviors that can be traced to a common underlying microscopic control parameter.