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SAC3: Reliable Hallucination Detection in Black-Box Language Models via Semantic-aware Cross-check Consistency

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arxiv 2311.01740 v2 pith:KSCNH22Q submitted 2023-11-03 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords sac3consistencydetectionself-consistencycheckingcross-checkhallucinationhallucinations
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Hallucination detection is a critical step toward understanding the trustworthiness of modern language models (LMs). To achieve this goal, we re-examine existing detection approaches based on the self-consistency of LMs and uncover two types of hallucinations resulting from 1) question-level and 2) model-level, which cannot be effectively identified through self-consistency check alone. Building upon this discovery, we propose a novel sampling-based method, i.e., semantic-aware cross-check consistency (SAC3) that expands on the principle of self-consistency checking. Our SAC3 approach incorporates additional mechanisms to detect both question-level and model-level hallucinations by leveraging advances including semantically equivalent question perturbation and cross-model response consistency checking. Through extensive and systematic empirical analysis, we demonstrate that SAC3 outperforms the state of the art in detecting both non-factual and factual statements across multiple question-answering and open-domain generation benchmarks.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Hallucination Detection and Mitigation with Diffusion in Multi-Variate Time-Series Foundation Models

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pre-trained multivariate time-series imputation models frequently return values that violate known relations between variables, and a diffusion-based score can detect and filter these errors.

  2. Enhancing Trustworthy GUI Grounding via Self-Critiqued Reinforcement Learning

    cs.CV 2025-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    HyperClick trains GUI grounding models with GRPO to output clicks plus confidence scores, jointly rewarding correct clicks and Brier-calibrated confidence, and reports SOTA accuracy on six of seven benchmarks with bet...

  3. How Knowledge Popularity Influences and Enhances LLM Knowledge Boundary Perception

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Entity popularity and entity co-occurrence in Wikipedia correlate with LLM QA accuracy, confidence, and calibration, and combining them with confidence improves answer-correctness prediction by 5.24% on average.

  4. Loki's Dance of Illusions: A Comprehensive Survey of Hallucination in Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-06 reject novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey of LLM hallucination research that formalizes hallucination types and argues, via incompleteness and undecidability arguments, that hallucinations cannot be fully eliminated.

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