Methodological Synergies between Technosignature and UHE Neutrino Searches

Paramita Dasgupta

arxiv: 2605.19482 · v1 · pith:KWVV2Z3Znew · submitted 2026-05-19 · 🌌 astro-ph.IM · astro-ph.HE· physics.data-an

Methodological Synergies between Technosignature and UHE Neutrino Searches

Paramita Dasgupta This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-20 02:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.IM astro-ph.HEphysics.data-an

keywords technosignatureUHE neutrinoRFI mitigationsine subtractionspatiotemporal clusteringanomaly rankingrare event detectionradio astronomy

0 comments

The pith

Techniques from UHE neutrino radio experiments can be adapted to improve radio technosignature searches by targeting known interference while preserving unknown signals.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Radio technosignature searches and radio-based ultra-high energy neutrino experiments both confront the task of isolating rare signals of unknown shape from thermal noise and anthropogenic radio-frequency interference. The paper shows that catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction, already used in neutrino experiments such as ANITA and ARA, can be restricted to documented persistent contaminants and transferred to technosignature pipelines, thereby increasing broadband transient visibility without discarding uncataloged narrowband candidates. It further identifies a structural parallel between the spatiotemporal clustering methods employed in neutrino background rejection and the direction-plus-cadence RFI filtering used in SETI, and proposes combining them in a shared feature space that includes direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, and polarization. Background-only anomaly ranking is presented as the logical follow-on step that ranks candidates without assuming signal morphology. These elements together define a preserve-then-rank workflow intended to support commensal rare-event searches across the two communities.

Core claim

Catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction can be adapted for technosignature pipelines by restricting subtraction to documented persistent contaminants, improving broadband transient visibility while preserving uncataloged narrowband candidates. There is a structural equivalence between spatiotemporal clustering used in UHE neutrino experiments and direction/cadence-based RFI rejection in radio SETI. Background-only anomaly ranking is the natural second stage of this workflow, providing morphology-agnostic candidate triage and motivating a preserve-then-rank workflow for commensal rare-event discovery.

What carries the argument

The preserve-then-rank workflow, which first applies catalog-restricted sine subtraction and joint spatiotemporal clustering to protect potential signals, then uses background-only anomaly ranking for morphology-agnostic triage.

If this is right

Broadband transient visibility improves in technosignature pipelines while uncataloged narrowband candidates stay intact.
A joint feature space incorporating direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, and polarization strengthens RFI rejection in both fields.
Background-only anomaly ranking supplies a morphology-agnostic way to triage candidates after preservation steps.
The resulting workflow supports near-term commensal rare-event discovery and cross-community data analysis.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same adapted subtraction and clustering steps could be tested on archived datasets from either community to check for previously overlooked events.
Shared software implementations of the joint feature space might reduce duplication of effort between neutrino and SETI analysis teams.
Extending the feature space with polarization or signal-strength observables could further refine clustering performance in future observations.

Load-bearing premise

The data analysis problems of identifying rare signals of unknown morphology in thermal noise and RFI are sufficiently similar across the two fields that specific techniques such as catalog-based sine subtraction and spatiotemporal clustering can be transferred or combined without introducing unacceptable biases or sensitivity losses.

What would settle it

Applying the adapted sine subtraction to a real technosignature dataset and finding either removal of known narrowband candidates or no measurable gain in broadband transient visibility would show that the proposed adaptation does not preserve signals as intended.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.19482 by Paramita Dasgupta.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Conservative CW mitigation demonstrated on a fully synthetic wideband radio dataset with realistic detector features. (a) Frequency spectrum before and after mitigation. Red shaded regions indicate the three cataloged anthropogenic CW tones at 137, 405, and 450 MHz (representing satellite downlinks, weather balloon telemetry, and South Pole station communications, respectively). These tones are removed vi… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Radio technosignature searches and radio-based ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino experiments address different scientific questions, but share a closely related data analysis problem: identifying rare signals of unknown morphology within large datasets dominated by thermal noise and anthropogenic radio-frequency interference (RFI). UHE neutrino radio experiments (including ARA, RNO-G, ANITA, and PUEO) have developed advanced methodologies for continuous-wave (CW) mitigation and background characterization. This invited contribution makes that connection concrete through three points. First, we demonstrate that catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction -- the CW mitigation technique used in ANITA and ARA -- can be adapted for technosignature pipelines by restricting subtraction to documented persistent contaminants, improving broadband transient visibility while preserving uncataloged narrowband candidates. Second, we identify a structural equivalence between spatiotemporal clustering used in UHE neutrino experiments and direction/cadence-based RFI rejection in radio SETI, proposing a joint feature space incorporating direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, and polarization. Third, we argue that background-only anomaly ranking is the natural second stage of this workflow, providing morphology-agnostic candidate triage. Together, these ideas motivate a 'preserve-then-rank' workflow for commensal rare-event discovery, opening a near-term path toward cross-community collaboration.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper sketches plausible method transfers from UHE neutrino radio work to technosignature searches but stays conceptual with no tests or data.

read the letter

This paper connects radio technosignature searches with ultra-high energy neutrino experiments by highlighting shared challenges in spotting rare signals amid noise and RFI. The key suggestions are adapting catalog-based sine subtraction for technosignature work and using spatiotemporal clustering ideas from neutrino searches for RFI rejection in SETI. It does a good job spelling out how restricting subtraction to known persistent contaminants could help keep potential narrowband signals while cleaning broadband transients. The structural equivalence between clustering methods and direction/cadence rejection also seems like a natural link, and proposing a joint feature space with direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, and polarization is a solid way to frame it. The background-only anomaly ranking as a follow-up step fits into a preserve-then-rank approach for commensal discovery. The strength is in making these connections explicit and motivating cross-community work without overclaiming results. Since the author draws from established techniques in ANITA, ARA, and similar experiments, the ideas rest on real prior methods rather than invented ones. The main limitation is that everything stays at the proposal stage. There are no simulations, no application to sample data, and no quantitative estimates of how much these changes would improve detection or reduce errors. The assumption that the data problems are similar enough for straightforward transfer is stated but not explored in detail here. That makes the paper more of a starting point for discussion than a finished piece with validated methods. This kind of note is useful for researchers in astro-ph.IM who work on radio data pipelines for rare events, or for SETI folks looking at new ways to handle interference. It could also interest neutrino experimentalists thinking about broader applications of their analysis tools. I would recommend sending it for peer review. Both communities could provide useful input on whether these adaptations hold up in practice, and it might encourage the kind of collaboration the paper advocates.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes methodological synergies between radio technosignature searches and UHE neutrino radio experiments (e.g., ARA, RNO-G, ANITA, PUEO). It outlines three concrete points: (1) adapting catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction by restricting it to documented persistent contaminants to improve broadband transient visibility while preserving uncataloged narrowband candidates; (2) a structural equivalence between spatiotemporal clustering in UHE neutrino experiments and direction/cadence-based RFI rejection in radio SETI, with a proposed joint feature space including direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, and polarization; (3) background-only anomaly ranking as the natural second stage, motivating an overall 'preserve-then-rank' workflow for commensal rare-event discovery.

Significance. If the proposed adaptations and equivalences can be implemented without unacceptable biases or sensitivity losses, the work could enable productive cross-community data-analysis collaborations and improve rare-signal detection efficiency in both fields by transferring established RFI-mitigation and background-characterization techniques. The conceptual framework is a useful starting point for joint pipelines, though its value depends on subsequent empirical validation.

major comments (2)

[Abstract and first methodological point] Abstract, first point: the adaptation of catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction is presented as directly transferable by restricting subtraction to documented persistent contaminants, yet the manuscript contains no quantitative test, simulation on sample technosignature data, or sensitivity analysis showing that broadband transient visibility improves while narrowband candidates remain unaffected.
[Abstract and second methodological point] Abstract, second point: the claimed structural equivalence between UHE spatiotemporal clustering and SETI direction/cadence RFI rejection is asserted without a concrete mapping or demonstration that the proposed joint feature space (direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, polarization) can be constructed and applied without introducing new selection biases or reducing discovery potential in either domain.

minor comments (1)

[Abstract and concluding discussion] The manuscript would benefit from explicit definitions or references for terms such as 'background-only anomaly ranking' and 'preserve-then-rank workflow' to aid readers unfamiliar with one of the two communities.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback on our invited contribution. The manuscript presents a conceptual framework for methodological synergies rather than a completed implementation study. We address each major comment below and indicate planned revisions to strengthen the presentation while remaining within the paper's scope.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract and first methodological point] Abstract, first point: the adaptation of catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction is presented as directly transferable by restricting subtraction to documented persistent contaminants, yet the manuscript contains no quantitative test, simulation on sample technosignature data, or sensitivity analysis showing that broadband transient visibility improves while narrowband candidates remain unaffected.

Authors: The referee correctly observes that no quantitative test or simulation is provided. As an invited conceptual paper, the manuscript focuses on describing the adaptation and its rationale rather than executing a full validation study. We agree that an illustrative example would improve clarity. We will revise by adding a short subsection with a schematic demonstration using synthetic narrowband and broadband signals, showing the principle of selective subtraction. A complete sensitivity analysis on real technosignature data remains future collaborative work and is noted as such. revision: partial
Referee: [Abstract and second methodological point] Abstract, second point: the claimed structural equivalence between UHE spatiotemporal clustering and SETI direction/cadence RFI rejection is asserted without a concrete mapping or demonstration that the proposed joint feature space (direction, time, frequency, bandwidth, duration, polarization) can be constructed and applied without introducing new selection biases or reducing discovery potential in either domain.

Authors: We acknowledge that the current text asserts the equivalence at a structural level without an explicit feature-by-feature mapping. The proposal rests on the observation that both communities solve the same rare-event detection problem in RFI-heavy radio data. We will expand the relevant section to include a table explicitly mapping the listed features across domains, with discussion of normalization steps and potential biases (e.g., differing angular resolutions). We argue that careful standardization preserves discovery potential, but we will add a caveat that empirical cross-validation is required and lies beyond the present scope. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; proposals rest on established cross-domain methods

full rationale

The paper is a methodological proposal that describes catalog-based sine subtraction from UHE neutrino experiments (ANITA/ARA) and spatiotemporal clustering, then suggests their restricted adaptation and structural equivalence for technosignature RFI rejection and anomaly ranking. These steps cite established techniques from each community without fitting parameters to the target dataset, without self-defining the output in terms of the input, and without load-bearing self-citations that close the argument. The 'preserve-then-rank' workflow is motivated by explicit domain similarity rather than derived by construction from the paper's own equations or prior results. No load-bearing step reduces to its inputs; the text remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The paper is a high-level conceptual proposal. No free parameters or invented entities are introduced. The central claims rest on the domain assumption that the two fields share a closely related data analysis problem.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Radio technosignature searches and radio-based UHE neutrino experiments share a closely related data analysis problem of identifying rare signals of unknown morphology within large datasets dominated by thermal noise and anthropogenic RFI.
This premise is stated explicitly in the abstract as the foundation for the three proposed connections.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5762 in / 1404 out tokens · 54533 ms · 2026-05-20T02:13:40.425138+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

IndisputableMonolith/Cost/FunctionalEquation.lean washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

catalog-based time-domain sine subtraction—the CW mitigation technique used in ANITA and ARA—can be adapted for technosignature pipelines by restricting subtraction to documented persistent contaminants
IndisputableMonolith/Foundation/AlexanderDuality.lean alexander_duality_circle_linking unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

structural equivalence between spatiotemporal clustering used in UHE neutrino experiments and direction/cadence-based RFI rejection in radio SETI, proposing a joint feature space

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

28 extracted references · 28 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

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Aartsen, M. G. et al. (IceCube Collaboration) 2013, Measurement of South Pole ice transparency with the IceCube LED calibration system.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 711,

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Allison, P. et al. 2020, Constraints on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos from four years of Askaryan Radio Array data in two stations.Phys. Rev. D, 102, 043021. Allison, P. et al. 2022, Low-threshold ultrahigh-energy neutrino search with the Askaryan Radio Array. Phys. Rev. D, 105, 122006. Askaryan, G. A. 1962, Excess negative charge of an e...

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Dasgupta, P. et al. (ARA Collaboration) 2025, First Ultra High Energy Neutrino Search with a Hybrid Phased and Traditional Detector in the Askaryan Radio Array.PoS (ICRC2025),

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Drake, F. D. 1961, Project Ozma.Physics Today, 14,

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Dressing, C. D. & Charbonneau, D. 2015, The occurrence of potentially habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs estimated from the full Kepler dataset and an empirical measurement of the detection sensitivity. Astrophys. J., 807,

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Enriquez, J. E. et al. 2017, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: 1.1–1.9 GHz observations of 692 nearby stars.Astrophys. J., 849,

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Fisher, R. A. 1938, The statistical utilization of multiple measurements.Ann. Eugenics, 8(4), 376–386. Gajjar, V . et al. 2021, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: near-infrared observations of the Galactic Center.PASP, 133, 075001. Gorham, P. W. et al. (ANITA Collaboration) 2007, Observations of the Askaryan effect in ice.Phys. Rev. Lett...

work page 1938
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Jacobson-Bell, B. et al. 2025, Anomaly detection and radio-frequency interference classification with unsupervised learning in narrowband radio technosignature searches.Astron. J., 169,

work page 2025
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Learned, J. G. & Pakvasa, S. 2008, Neutrino communication.Astropart. Phys., 29,

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G., Pakvasa, S

Learned, J. G., Pakvasa, S. & Zee, A. 2009, Galactic neutrino communication.Phys. Lett. B, 671,

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Ma, P. X. et al. 2023, A deep-learning search for technosignatures from 820 nearby stars.Nat. Astron., 7,

work page 2023
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& Margot, J.-L

Pinchuk, P. & Margot, J.-L. 2022, A machine-learning-based direction-of-origin filter for the identification of radio-frequency interference in the search for technosignatures.Astron. J., 163,

work page 2022
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Price, D. C. et al. 2020, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: observations of 1327 nearby stars over 1.10–3.45 GHz.Astron. J., 159,

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Ricker, N. 1953, The form and laws of propagation of seismic wavelets.Geophysics, 18,

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Sheikh, S. Z. et al. 2021, Analysis of the Breakthrough Listen signal of interest BLC1 with a technosignature verification framework.Nat. Astron., 5,

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2001, The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).ARA&A, 39,

Tarter, J. 2001, The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).ARA&A, 39,

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Worden, S. P. et al. 2017, Breakthrough Listen: a new search for life in the Universe.Acta Astronautica, 139,

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Recommendations from the Ad Hoc Committee on SETI Nomenclature

Wright, J. T., Sheikh, S. Z., Alm ´ar, I., Denning, K., Dick, S. & Tarter, J. 2018a, Recommendations from the Ad Hoc Committee on SETI Nomenclature. arXiv:1809.06857. Wright, J. T. et al. 2018b, How much SETI has been done? Finding needles in then-dimensional cosmic haystack.Astron. J., 156,

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv
[26]

T., Haqq-Misra, J., Frank, A., Kopparapu, R., Lingam, M

Wright, J. T., Haqq-Misra, J., Frank, A., Kopparapu, R., Lingam, M. & Sheikh, S. Z. 2022, The case for technosignatures: why they may be abundant, long-lived, highly detectable, and unambiguous. Astrophys. J. Lett., 927, L30. Zas, E., Halzen, F. & Stanev, T. 1992, Electromagnetic pulses from high-energy showers: implications for neutrino detection.Phys. R...

work page 2022
[27]

Zatsepin, G. T. & Kuzmin, V . A. 1966, Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays.JETP Lett., 4,

work page 1966
[28]

Zhang, Z.-S. et al. 2020, First SETI observations with China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST).Astrophys. J., 891, 174

work page 2020

[1] [1]

Aartsen, M. G. et al. (IceCube Collaboration) 2013, Measurement of South Pole ice transparency with the IceCube LED calibration system.Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 711,

work page 2013

[2] [2]

Aab, A. et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration) 2020, Features of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5×10 18 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory.Phys. Rev. Lett., 125, 121106. Abarr, Q. et al. (PUEO Collaboration) 2025, Searching for Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos with PUEO.PoS (ICRC2025),

work page 2020

[3] [3]

Aguilar, J. A. et al. (RNO-G Collaboration) 2021, Design and sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G).JINST, 16, P03025. Aguilar, J. A. et al. (RNO-G Collaboration) 2022, In situ, broadband measurement of the radio frequency attenuation length at Summit Station, Greenland.J. Glaciol., 68(272),

work page 2021

[4] [4]

Aguilar, J. A. et al. (RNO-G Collaboration) 2023b, Triboelectric backgrounds to radio-based polar ultra- high energy neutrino experiments.Astropart. Phys., 145, 102790. Allison, P. et al. 2012, Design and initial performance of the Askaryan Radio Array prototype EeV neutrino detector at the South Pole.Astropart. Phys., 35,

work page 2012

[5] [5]

Allison, P. et al. 2020, Constraints on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos from four years of Askaryan Radio Array data in two stations.Phys. Rev. D, 102, 043021. Allison, P. et al. 2022, Low-threshold ultrahigh-energy neutrino search with the Askaryan Radio Array. Phys. Rev. D, 105, 122006. Askaryan, G. A. 1962, Excess negative charge of an e...

work page 2020

[6] [6]

Bird, D. J. et al. 1993, Evidence for correlated changes in the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays at extremely high energies.Phys. Rev. Lett., 71,

work page 1993

[7] [7]

& Morrison, P

Cocconi, G. & Morrison, P. 1959, Searching for interstellar communications.Nature, 184,

work page 1959

[8] [8]

8 Dasgupta Dasgupta, P., Muzio, M. S. et al. (ARA Collaboration) 2023, Progress Towards a Diffuse Neutrino Search in the Full Livetime of the Askaryan Radio Array.PoS (ICRC2023),

work page 2023

[9] [9]

Dasgupta, P. et al. (ARA Collaboration) 2024, A search for the ultra high energy neutrinos with a low threshold phased array trigger system of the Askaryan Radio Array.PoS (ARENA2024),

work page 2024

[10] [10]

Dasgupta, P. et al. (ARA Collaboration) 2025, First Ultra High Energy Neutrino Search with a Hybrid Phased and Traditional Detector in the Askaryan Radio Array.PoS (ICRC2025),

work page 2025

[11] [11]

Drake, F. D. 1961, Project Ozma.Physics Today, 14,

work page 1961

[12] [12]

Dressing, C. D. & Charbonneau, D. 2015, The occurrence of potentially habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs estimated from the full Kepler dataset and an empirical measurement of the detection sensitivity. Astrophys. J., 807,

work page 2015

[13] [13]

Enriquez, J. E. et al. 2017, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: 1.1–1.9 GHz observations of 692 nearby stars.Astrophys. J., 849,

work page 2017

[14] [14]

Fisher, R. A. 1938, The statistical utilization of multiple measurements.Ann. Eugenics, 8(4), 376–386. Gajjar, V . et al. 2021, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: near-infrared observations of the Galactic Center.PASP, 133, 075001. Gorham, P. W. et al. (ANITA Collaboration) 2007, Observations of the Askaryan effect in ice.Phys. Rev. Lett...

work page 1938

[15] [15]

Jacobson-Bell, B. et al. 2025, Anomaly detection and radio-frequency interference classification with unsupervised learning in narrowband radio technosignature searches.Astron. J., 169,

work page 2025

[16] [16]

Learned, J. G. & Pakvasa, S. 2008, Neutrino communication.Astropart. Phys., 29,

work page 2008

[17] [17]

G., Pakvasa, S

Learned, J. G., Pakvasa, S. & Zee, A. 2009, Galactic neutrino communication.Phys. Lett. B, 671,

work page 2009

[18] [18]

Ma, P. X. et al. 2023, A deep-learning search for technosignatures from 820 nearby stars.Nat. Astron., 7,

work page 2023

[19] [19]

& Margot, J.-L

Pinchuk, P. & Margot, J.-L. 2022, A machine-learning-based direction-of-origin filter for the identification of radio-frequency interference in the search for technosignatures.Astron. J., 163,

work page 2022

[20] [20]

Price, D. C. et al. 2020, The Breakthrough Listen search for intelligent life: observations of 1327 nearby stars over 1.10–3.45 GHz.Astron. J., 159,

work page 2020

[21] [21]

1953, The form and laws of propagation of seismic wavelets.Geophysics, 18,

Ricker, N. 1953, The form and laws of propagation of seismic wavelets.Geophysics, 18,

work page 1953

[22] [22]

Sheikh, S. Z. et al. 2021, Analysis of the Breakthrough Listen signal of interest BLC1 with a technosignature verification framework.Nat. Astron., 5,

work page 2021

[23] [23]

2001, The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).ARA&A, 39,

Tarter, J. 2001, The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).ARA&A, 39,

work page 2001

[24] [24]

Worden, S. P. et al. 2017, Breakthrough Listen: a new search for life in the Universe.Acta Astronautica, 139,

work page 2017

[25] [25]

Recommendations from the Ad Hoc Committee on SETI Nomenclature

Wright, J. T., Sheikh, S. Z., Alm ´ar, I., Denning, K., Dick, S. & Tarter, J. 2018a, Recommendations from the Ad Hoc Committee on SETI Nomenclature. arXiv:1809.06857. Wright, J. T. et al. 2018b, How much SETI has been done? Finding needles in then-dimensional cosmic haystack.Astron. J., 156,

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

[26] [26]

T., Haqq-Misra, J., Frank, A., Kopparapu, R., Lingam, M

Wright, J. T., Haqq-Misra, J., Frank, A., Kopparapu, R., Lingam, M. & Sheikh, S. Z. 2022, The case for technosignatures: why they may be abundant, long-lived, highly detectable, and unambiguous. Astrophys. J. Lett., 927, L30. Zas, E., Halzen, F. & Stanev, T. 1992, Electromagnetic pulses from high-energy showers: implications for neutrino detection.Phys. R...

work page 2022

[27] [27]

Zatsepin, G. T. & Kuzmin, V . A. 1966, Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays.JETP Lett., 4,

work page 1966

[28] [28]

Zhang, Z.-S. et al. 2020, First SETI observations with China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST).Astrophys. J., 891, 174

work page 2020