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Visual Agents as Fast and Slow Thinkers

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arxiv 2408.08862 v4 pith:LIKIOQT3 submitted 2024-08-16 cs.LG

Visual Agents as Fast and Slow Thinkers

classification cs.LG
keywords fastvisualagentssystemcognitiveachievingdemonstratehuman-like
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Achieving human-level intelligence requires refining cognitive distinctions between System 1 and System 2 thinking. While contemporary AI, driven by large language models, demonstrates human-like traits, it falls short of genuine cognition. Transitioning from structured benchmarks to real-world scenarios presents challenges for visual agents, often leading to inaccurate and overly confident responses. To address the challenge, we introduce FaST, which incorporates the Fast and Slow Thinking mechanism into visual agents. FaST employs a switch adapter to dynamically select between System 1/2 modes, tailoring the problem-solving approach to different task complexity. It tackles uncertain and unseen objects by adjusting model confidence and integrating new contextual data. With this novel design, we advocate a flexible system, hierarchical reasoning capabilities, and a transparent decision-making pipeline, all of which contribute to its ability to emulate human-like cognitive processes in visual intelligence. Empirical results demonstrate that FaST outperforms various well-known baselines, achieving 80.8% accuracy over VQA^{v2} for visual question answering and 48.7% GIoU score over ReasonSeg for reasoning segmentation, demonstrate FaST's superior performance. Extensive testing validates the efficacy and robustness of FaST's core components, showcasing its potential to advance the development of cognitive visual agents in AI systems. The code is available at ttps://github.com/GuangyanS/Sys2-LLaVA.

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Forward citations

Cited by 11 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. DeFacto: Counterfactual Thinking with Images for Enforcing Evidence-Grounded and Faithful Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    DeFacto trains multimodal models using counterfactual image variants and reinforcement learning rewards to improve both answer accuracy and evidence-answer consistency.

  2. High-Resolution Visual Reasoning via Multi-Turn Grounding-Based Reinforcement Learning

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    MGPO elicits grounding in LMMs via multi-turn RL with binary rewards, yielding 5.4% and 5.2% gains on MME-Realworld and V* Bench and surpassing GPT-4o on the latter after training on 21K samples.

  3. DeepEyes: Incentivizing "Thinking with Images" via Reinforcement Learning

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    DeepEyes uses reinforcement learning to teach vision-language models active perception and image-based thinking, yielding gains on perception, reasoning, grounding, and hallucination benchmarks.

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  5. HART: High-Resolution Annotation-Free Reasoning Technique through a Closed-loop Framework

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    HART uses a closed-loop 'crop-and-answer' training scheme plus a dynamic-weight GRPO variant to improve LMM grounding and high-resolution reasoning without bounding-box annotations.

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  7. DeFacto: Counterfactual Thinking with Images for Enforcing Evidence-Grounded and Faithful Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    DeFacto trains multimodal models with counterfactual image variants and GRPO reinforcement learning to enforce that correct answers are supported by correct visual evidence.

  8. V-Zero: Answer-Label-Free On-Policy Distillation with Contrastive Evidence Gating for Fine-Grained Visual Reasoning

    cs.CV 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    V-Zero trains MLLMs for visual reasoning without answer labels by gating on-policy distillation trajectories using contrastive evidence from relevant versus negative image crops.

  9. DRS-GUI: Dynamic Region Search for Training-Free GUI Grounding

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    DRS-GUI introduces a dynamic region search method with Focus/Shift/Scatter actions and MCTS-based planning that improves GUI grounding accuracy by 14% on ScreenSpot-Pro for both general and GUI-specific MLLMs without ...

  10. Learning to Focus and Precise Cropping: A Reinforcement Learning Framework with Information Gaps and Grounding Loss for MLLMs

    cs.CV 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A two-stage RL method with information gaps and grounding loss trains MLLMs to focus on and precisely crop relevant image regions, yielding SOTA results on high-resolution VQA benchmarks.

  11. From System 1 to System 2: A Survey of Reasoning Large Language Models

    cs.AI 2025-02 accept novelty 3.0

    The survey organizes the shift of LLMs toward deliberate System 2 reasoning, covering model construction techniques, performance on math and coding benchmarks, and future research directions.