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REVIEW 3 major objections 3 minor 51 references

Learning Partitions with Optimal Query and Round Complexities

T0 review · 3 major / 3 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Pith's one-line read For any constant number of rounds r, k-partition learning requires and admits $\Theta(n^{1+1/(2^r-1)}k^{1-1/(2^r-1)})$ same-set queries; $O(\log\log n)$ rounds already attain the optimal $\Theta(nk)$.

desk verdict Theorem 1.2 is false as stated: the proof needs r ≤ k−2, and a simple 2-round 2n−2-query algorithm for k=3 refutes the claimed Ω(n^{4/3}), but the subset-query results and the recursive upper bound are real and worth a careful referee. read the letter →

arxiv 2505.05009 v1 pith:LTGPXKGN submitted 2025-05-08 cs.DS cs.ITcs.LGmath.IT

classification cs.DScs.ITcs.LGmath.IT
keywords partitionlearningsame-setqueriesroundcomplexityqueryadaptivealgorithmssubsetTurán'stheoremcrowdsourcedclustering
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper fixes the exact cost of learning an unknown partition of $n$ items into at most $k$ groups when queries are batched into $r$ parallel rounds and each query asks whether two items lie in the same group. For every constant $r$, the deterministic query complexity is $\Theta(n^{1+1/(2^r-1)}k^{1-1/(2^r-1)})$, a formula that slides from the known $\Theta(n^2)$ non-adaptive bound at $r=1$ to the known $\Theta(nk)$ fully adaptive bound as $r$ grows. The paper also shows that $O(\log\log n)$ rounds are enough to reach the optimal $O(nk)$ queries, a double-exponential reduction in adaptivity over the earlier $k-1$-round algorithm. For larger subset queries, the same machinery gives nearly tight bounds for weak queries (which report how many groups a set touches) and strong queries (which return the full restricted partition); up to logarithmic factors, weak queries match strong queries whenever the allowed query size is at most $\sqrt{n}$.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the round-dependent exponent $\varepsilon(r)=1/(2^r-1)$, which appears in both the query-count formula and the recursion. The algorithm splits $U$ into about $(n/k)^{1-\varepsilon(r)}$ blocks of size $n^{\varepsilon(r)}k^{1-\varepsilon(r)}$, queries all pairs inside each block, forms a representative set $R$, and recurses with $r-1$ rounds; the identities $1+\varepsilon(r)=(1-\varepsilon(r))(1+\varepsilon(r-1))$ and $1-\varepsilon(r)=\varepsilon(r)(1+\varepsilon(r-1))+(1-\varepsilon(r-1))$ make the costs of the two levels add exactly. The lower bound is carried by Tur\'an's theorem, which guarantees an independent set of size at least $n/(1+d)$ in any graph of average degree $d$, and by a Carving Lemma that refreshes a family of disjoint independent sets round after round while keeping the oracle answers on earlier queries unchanged.

What would settle it

Implement the two-round algorithm for $k=3$: in round one, query a fixed element $u$ against every other element; in round two, pick the first element $w$ not sharing $u$'s class and query $w$ against every remaining element. It recovers any partition into at most three sets with fewer than $2n$ queries, directly contradicting the $\Omega(n^{4/3})$ lower bound that Theorem 1.2 would give for $r=2$, $k=3$.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is a complete round-versus-query trade-off for deterministic partition learning: an $r$-round algorithm needs and suffices with $\Theta(n^{1+1/(2^r-1)}k^{1-1/(2^r-1)})$ pairwise same-set queries for every constant $r$. The matching upper bound uses a recursive split-and-recurse scheme whose exponents telescope via the identity $(1-\varepsilon(r))(1+\varepsilon(r-1))=1+\varepsilon(r)$ with $\varepsilon(r)=1/(2^r-1)$. The lower bound models the first $r-1$ rounds of queries as edges of a graph, applies Tur\'an's theorem repeatedly to carve disjoint independent sets, and turns those sets into a pair of hard partitions that the final round cannot distinguish unless it queries every remaining pair inside the surviving region. Beyond pairwise queries, the paper shows non-adaptive weak subset queries achieve $\tilde{\Theta}(n^2/s^2)$ for query size $s\le\sqrt{n}$, matching the strong-query bound up to log factors.

Load-bearing premise

The lower-bound proof in Section 2.2 assumes $r\le k-2$, needing $\ell=\lfloor(k-3)/(r-1)\rfloor\ge1$ disjoint independent sets to build its hard partition, and the theorem statement as written omits this restriction; when it fails the bound is not merely unproved but false, since a two-round algorithm using about $2n$ queries learns any 3-partition.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • For every constant $r$, the deterministic $r$-round query complexity of $k$-partition learning is now exactly known, so a designer can read off how many queries a given level of parallelism costs.
  • Because $O(\log\log n)$ rounds already attain $O(nk)$ queries, applications that can batch queries (crowdsourced clustering, entity resolution) can have near-fully-adaptive performance with almost no adaptivity.
  • Non-adaptive weak subset queries cost $\tilde{\Theta}(n^2/s^2)$ for $s\le\sqrt{n}$, matching strong subset queries up to logarithmic factors, so query oracles that only count touched groups are essentially as powerful as oracles that reveal the full local partition in this regime.
  • With query size $s=O(\sqrt{k})$ and $O(\log\log n)$ rounds, partition learning uses $\tilde{O}(n)$ weak subset queries, a near-linear query count obtained previously only with query size $O(k)$ and $O(\log k)$ rounds.
  • The Tur\'an-based lower-bound technique supplies a reusable method for proving round-sensitive lower bounds for graph and partition reconstruction problems beyond the specific pair-query model.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The stated 'for all $r\ge1$' lower bound is not supported by the proof when $r>k-2$; the $k=3,r=2$ counterexample shows the complete characterization found here holds in the regime $r\le k-2$, and a different argument will be needed for rounds comparable to $k$.
  • The recursive exponent identity provides a general design template: split, learn pieces non-adaptively, and recurse on representatives. It is already applied in the paper to subset queries, and it should transfer to other query models whose non-adaptive cost is $n^{1+\theta}$, yielding $r$-round costs of the form $n^{1+\theta/(2^{r-1})}$.
  • Because the randomized lower bound is explicitly left open, a plausible next step is a randomized separation: for example, a 2-round randomized algorithm might learn 3-partitions with $o(n^{4/3})$ queries by sampling a small set of representatives, which would show randomness helps in the low-round regime.
  • The equivalence of weak and strong subset queries up to $s=\sqrt{n}$ is derived in a noiseless setting; testing whether it persists under noisy or faulty oracles would tell whether the communication savings of weak queries survive in realistic crowdsourcing pipelines.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper studies exact reconstruction of an unknown partition of n elements into at most k sets from membership-style queries. For pairwise same-set queries it claims a complete round-query tradeoff: for every constant r, the deterministic query complexity is Θ(n^{1+1/(2^r−1)} k^{1−1/(2^r−1)}), together with an O(log log n)-round algorithm attaining the optimal O(nk) query complexity. It then treats weak subset queries (the number of classes intersected) and strong subset queries (the full induced partition) under a query-size bound s, claiming nearly matching upper and lower bounds for non-adaptive and r-round algorithms. The main lower bound is proved through repeated applications of Turán's theorem and a 'carving lemma'; the upper bound is a recursive divide-and-conquer scheme. The subset-query sections include a non-adaptive weak-query algorithm claimed to resolve an open question of BLMS24. The paper does not include code or machine-checked proofs.

Significance. If correct, the pairwise round-query characterization would be a substantial contribution, and the weak-versus-strong subset-query comparison is conceptually interesting. The recursive algorithm of Theorem 1.1 and the non-adaptive weak subset query construction of Section 4 are nontrivial and appear internally coherent. However, the central lower bound is false as stated: the proof requires an unstated condition r ≤ k−2, and there is an elementary counterexample for k=3 and r=2. Because Theorems 1.5 and 1.6 inherit the pairwise lower bound, the advertised characterization cannot be accepted.

major comments (3)
  1. [2.2 (definition of ℓ; proof of Theorem 1.2)] Theorem 1.2 is false as stated. The proof defines ℓ = ⌊(k−3)/(r−1)⌋ and asserts 'ℓ≥1 since r≤k−2 by assumption,' but Theorem 1.2 and the abstract claim the bound for all r≥1 and contain no such restriction. For k=3 and r=2, ℓ=0 and the repeated-Turán construction cannot start; the conclusion is also concretely false. A deterministic 2-round algorithm queries a fixed root a against all other n−1 elements, then, if the set S of 'no' answers is nonempty, queries a fixed b∈S against every other element of S. This uses at most (n−1)+(|S|−1) ≤ 2n−2 pairwise queries and exactly recovers any partition into at most 3 sets, contradicting the asserted Ω(n^{4/3}) lower bound for k=3, r=2. Since Theorem 1.2 is the paper's central result, the abstract's 'complete characterization' is unsupported.
  2. [Theorem 1.2 and Section 1.1.1] The defect is not confined to k=3, r=2. For any constant k≥4 and r=k−1, the known (k−1)-round fully adaptive algorithm of [RS07] uses O(nk)=O(n) queries, whereas the formula in Theorem 1.2 gives Ω(n^{1+1/(2^{k−1}−1)}), which is ω(n). For example, k=4 and r=3 would claim Ω(n^{8/7}) although a 3-round O(n)-query algorithm exists. Thus the lower bound cannot be repaired merely by adding the condition r≤k−2 to Theorem 1.2; the claimed smooth interpolation for all constant r would require a separate, substantially weaker statement in the saturated regime r≥k−2.
  3. [Section 1.1.2; Theorems 1.5 and 1.6] The subset-query lower bounds inherit the same false premise. Section 1.1.2 derives the lower bounds for strong subset queries from the pairwise lower bound and states that Theorem 1.2 'extends in the same fashion'; Theorems 1.5 and 1.6 consequently quantify over all r, k, and s. The k=3, r=2 counterexample above uses only queries of size 2, so it also contradicts those subset-query lower bounds (for both weak and strong oracles) in the regime where the expression max{(1/r)(1/s²)n^{1+1/(2^r−1)}k^{1−1/(2^r−1)}, n} is dominated by the n^{4/3}/s² term, for example when s=2. Hence the claimed tight subset-query lower bounds are not established.
minor comments (3)
  1. [2.2 (final paragraph)] The text writes 'since S = S1 ⊔ ... ⊔ Sk where each Si is an independent set,' but the construction produces only ℓ independent sets, so the disjoint union should be indexed by ℓ, not by k.
  2. [Algorithm 5, line 13] The pseudocode recursively calls 'LR-WeakSubsetQuery(R,s′,r−1)', but Algorithm 5 and its proof concern strong subset queries and the induction is for LR-StrongSubsetQuery; this should be corrected.
  3. [Lemma 4.2 and Algorithm 3] The symbol K is used both for the collection of known sets and for its union, which makes the statement of Lemma 4.2 ambiguous; the intended distinction should be made explicit.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the paper's bounds are derived from self-contained Turán/Carving arguments and independent benchmarks; the flagged r≤k−2 gap is a correctness issue, not a circular reduction.

full rationale

I walked the derivation chain for the main pair-query characterization (Theorems 1.1 and 1.2), the subset-query theorems, and the low-round algorithms. The upper bound Theorem 1.1 is proven by induction with an explicit recursive algorithm and Claim 3.1; it does not invoke an external result as its own conclusion. The lower bound Theorem 1.2 is built from Turán's Theorem (proved in Section 2.3.1), the repeated Turán Corollary (proved in Section 2.3.2), and the Carving Lemma (proved in Section 2.3.3); the final adversary argument constructs two partitions that agree on all earlier-round answers, which is a standard indistinguishability reduction rather than a restatement of the theorem. The base case r=1 is reproved directly via an unqueried pair yielding indistinguishable 3-partitions, so the citations [MS17a, BLMS24] for the Θ(n^2) non-adaptive bound are not load-bearing. The subset-query lower bounds are obtained by simulating an s-bounded strong query with O(s^2) pair queries and applying the pair lower bound, or by information-theoretic counting; this is an external reduction, not a definitional identity. No parameter is fitted to data and then renamed a prediction; no ansatz is imported solely through a self-citation; no uniqueness theorem is invoked to forbid alternatives. The reader's critique that Theorem 1.2 requires r≤k−2 (Section 2.2 sets ℓ=⌊(k−3)/(r−1)⌋ and requires ℓ≥1) and fails for k=3,r=2 concerns correctness and quantifier accuracy, not circularity: the proof does not assume the theorem it is proving. Hence the circularity score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No free parameters or invented entities; the paper derives exact bounds though one hidden assumption restricts the main theorem.

assumptions (3)
  • ad hoc to paper The lower bound proof assumes r≤k−2 (so ℓ≥1), though Theorem 1.2 states the bound for all r≥1.
    Section 2.2 defines ℓ := floor((k−3)/(r−1)) and states ℓ≥1 since r≤k−2 by assumption; this restricts the theorem's validity without being stated in the theorem or abstract.
  • standard math Turan's theorem and Jensen's inequality
    Used to find independent sets in the query graph; proved in Section 2.3.
  • domain assumption Known results Θ(nk) adaptive and Θ(n^2) non-adaptive pairwise query complexity
    Used as baselines and for subset query lower bounds; from [MS17a, LM22, BLMS24].

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Learning Partitions with Optimal Query and Round Complexities." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/LTGPXKGN

@misc{pith2026250505009,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Learning Partitions with Optimal Query and Round Complexities},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/LTGPXKGN}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2505.05009}
}
abstract

We consider the basic problem of learning an unknown partition of $n$ elements into at most $k$ sets using simple queries that reveal information about a small subset of elements. Our starting point is the well-studied pairwise same-set queries which ask if a pair of elements belong to the same class. It is known that non-adaptive algorithms require $\Theta(n^2)$ queries, while adaptive algorithms require $\Theta(nk)$ queries, and the best known algorithm uses $k-1$ rounds. This problem has been studied extensively over the last two decades in multiple communities due to its fundamental nature and relevance to clustering, active learning, and crowd sourcing. In many applications, it is of high interest to reduce adaptivity while minimizing query complexity. We give a complete characterization of the deterministic query complexity of this problem as a function of the number of rounds, $r$, interpolating between the non-adaptive and adaptive settings: for any constant $r$, the query complexity is $\Theta(n^{1+\frac{1}{2^r-1}}k^{1-\frac{1}{2^r-1}})$. Our algorithm only needs $O(\log \log n)$ rounds to attain the optimal $O(nk)$ query complexity. Next, we consider two generalizations of pairwise queries to subsets $S$ of size at most $s$: (1) weak subset queries which return the number of classes intersected by $S$, and (2) strong subset queries which return the entire partition restricted on $S$. Once again in crowd sourcing applications, queries on large sets may be prohibitive. For non-adaptive algorithms, we show $\Omega(n^2/s^2)$ strong queries are needed. Perhaps surprisingly, we show that there is a non-adaptive algorithm using weak queries that matches this bound up to log-factors for all $s \leq \sqrt{n}$. More generally, we obtain nearly matching upper and lower bounds for algorithms using subset queries in terms of both the number of rounds, $r$, and the query size bound, $s$.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2505.05009 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. A comparison of weak vs. strong subset queries for non-adaptive and fully adaptive algorithms as a function of the allowed query size, s, ignoring poly log(n) factors. For the purposes of the diagram we have used k ≤ √ n, but note in general there is no such restriction on k. Our results reveal that in the relatively small s regime (s ≤ √ n for non-adaptive and s ≤ √ k for adaptive), strong subset queries give no ad… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. An illustration depicting the construction of P1, S(1) and P2, S(2) in the proof of Theorem 1.2. The top-left shows the graph whose edges are the first round queries, Q1 (blue edges). Then, Lemma 2.3 is applied which uses Tur´an’s theorem to find ℓ (in the picture ℓ = 5) independent sets S (1) = S (1) 1 ⊔ · · · ⊔ S (1) 5 ⊂ U with respect to Q1. The partition P1 is defined based on these independent sets (top-right).… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. An illustration depicting the final pair of partitions P (1) x,y and P (2) x,y which the r-round algorithm fails to distinguish. The set S is depicted in white. Note that we have not tried to depict the partition within the sets S and U \ S. The point is that the partition P = Pr−1 has been defined a such a way that every queried pair (u, v) ∈ Q1 ∪ · · · ∪ Qr−1 that touches S is such that u, v belong to different se… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: An illustration depicting how Alg. 2 learns the “medium”-sized sets. The sets of the partition are represented by the three colors (here k = 3). The random core set R (chosen in line 14) is large enough so that with high probability it contains a representative from ev…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: An illustration depicting the key idea of Alg. 3 (LearnSparse). The green region represents the points belonging to known sets in the partition (the larger sets) and the white regions represent the sets we are trying to learn. The queried set I (pictured in blue) is dr…

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.