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VulnBot: Autonomous Penetration Testing for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework

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arxiv 2501.13411 v1 pith:LTKGHHOT submitted 2025-01-23 cs.SE

VulnBot: Autonomous Penetration Testing for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework

classification cs.SE
keywords penetrationtestingvulnbotautomatedautonomouscollaborativeexecutionframework
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Penetration testing is a vital practice for identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in cybersecurity systems, but its manual execution is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Existing large language model (LLM)-assisted or automated penetration testing approaches often suffer from inefficiencies, such as a lack of contextual understanding and excessive, unstructured data generation. This paper presents VulnBot, an automated penetration testing framework that leverages LLMs to simulate the collaborative workflow of human penetration testing teams through a multi-agent system. To address the inefficiencies and reliance on manual intervention in traditional penetration testing methods, VulnBot decomposes complex tasks into three specialized phases: reconnaissance, scanning, and exploitation. These phases are guided by a penetration task graph (PTG) to ensure logical task execution. Key design features include role specialization, penetration path planning, inter-agent communication, and generative penetration behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that VulnBot outperforms baseline models such as GPT-4 and Llama3 in automated penetration testing tasks, particularly showcasing its potential in fully autonomous testing on real-world machines.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Hackers or Hallucinators? A Comprehensive Analysis of LLM-Based Automated Penetration Testing

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 8.0

    The first SoK on LLM-based AutoPT frameworks provides a six-dimension taxonomy of agent designs and a unified empirical benchmark evaluating 15 frameworks via over 10 billion tokens and 1,500 manually reviewed logs.

  2. COHORT: Collaborative Orchestration for Hardening via Offensive Replay on Emulated Topologies

    cs.NI 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    COHORT automates mitigation generation for network attacks via collaborative LLMs on emulated topologies with offensive replay evaluation, reporting 46.7% success rate that is 4.4 times higher than a single-agent baseline.

  3. ZERO-APT: A Closed-Loop Adversarial Framework for LLM-Driven Automated Penetration Testing under Intelligent Defense

    cs.CR 2026-06 conditional novelty 7.0

    ZERO-APT is a closed-loop framework that integrates an LLM attacker, configurable LLM defender, and judge agent to achieve 79% attack success rate, 0.860 causal consistency, and full decision auditability in penetrati...

  4. How Reliable Are AI Attackers Against a Fixed Vulnerable Target? A 400-Run Empirical Study of LLM Penetration Testing Consistency

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Empirical study of 400 LLM attack runs finds exploitation success rates of 25-85% across four models against a fixed multi-service honeypot, with model-distinctive failure modes and p<0.001 differences.

  5. CyberEvolver: Structured Self-Evolution for Cybersecurity Agents On the Fly

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    CyberEvolver introduces a four-layer self-evolving agent architecture with trace-to-diagnosis and population beam search that raises seed agent success rates by 13.6% on CTF, exploitation, and penetration tasks across...

  6. Dynamic Cyber Ranges

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

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  7. From Controlled to the Wild: Evaluation of Pentesting Agents for the Real-World

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    A practical evaluation protocol for AI pentesting agents that uses validated vulnerability discovery, LLM semantic matching, and bipartite scoring to assess performance in realistic, complex targets.

  8. From Controlled to the Wild: Evaluation of Pentesting Agents for the Real-World

    cs.AI 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0

    A compact OMR model trained only on normalized synthetic **kern data reaches 18.46% OMR-NED on Verovio scores and 63.97% on real Polish scans, outperforming larger baselines.

  9. A Survey of LLM-Driven Penetration Testing: Taxonomy, Co-Evolution, and Open Challenges

    cs.SE 2026-07 accept novelty 5.5

    LLM pentest agents co-evolved through four bottleneck-driven phases into RLVR systems, while CTF platforms became dual evaluation/training infrastructure and three linked reliability gaps remain.

  10. Synthetic APTs: the Collapse of TTP-Based Attribution

    cs.CR 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    AI-emulated APTs compromise enterprise hosts and weaponize defender tools in 8/10 trials while military ranges resist, indicating TTP attribution fails when agents can be scaffolded to mimic threat actors.

  11. Pen-Strategist: A Reasoning Framework for Penetration Testing Strategy Formation and Analysis

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Pen-Strategist fine-tunes Qwen-3-14B with RL on a pentesting reasoning dataset and pairs it with a CNN step classifier, reporting 87% better strategy derivation, 47.5% more subtask completions than baselines, and gain...

  12. xOffense: An Autonomous Multi-Agent Framework for Penetration Testing with Domain-Adapted Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    xOffense automates penetration testing via a fine-tuned Qwen3-32B LLM in a multi-agent setup with specialized agents for reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, and exploitation, reporting 79.17% sub-task completion o...

  13. Neuro-Symbolic AI for Cybersecurity: State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities

    cs.CR 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A systematic review of neuro-symbolic AI in cybersecurity finds that deeper integration and causal reasoning improve performance across intrusion detection and vulnerability tasks, while identifying barriers and a res...

  14. Challenges and Future Directions in Agentic Reverse Engineering Systems

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 3.0

    Agentic LLM systems for reverse engineering fail on obfuscation, timing, and unique architectures due to token limits and missing guardrails, with challenges and directions proposed.