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arxiv 2103.07023 v1 pith:N3QDT75L submitted 2021-03-12 astro-ph.EP

Chemical variation with altitude and longitude on exo-Neptunes: Predictions for Ariel phase-curve observations

classification astro-ph.EP
keywords arielatmosphericexo-neptunesinfraredlongitudemodelsobservationsphase
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Using 2D thermal structure models and pseudo-2D chemical kinetics models, we explore how atmospheric temperatures and composition change as a function of altitude and longitude within the equatorial regions of close-in transiting Neptune-class exoplanets at different distances from their host stars. Our models predict that the day-night stratospheric temperature contrasts increase with increasing planetary effective temperatures T_eff; atmospheric composition also changes significantly with T_eff. Horizontal transport-induced quenching is very effective in our simulated exo-Neptune atmospheres, acting to homogenize the vertical profiles of species abundances with longitude at stratospheric pressures where infrared observations are sensitive. Our models have important implications for planetary emission observations as a function of orbital phase with the Ariel mission. Cooler solar-composition exo-Neptunes with T_eff = 500-700 K are predicted to have small variations in infrared emission spectra with orbital phase, making them less robust phase-curve targets for Ariel. Hot solar-composition exo-Neptunes with T_eff > 1300 K exhibit strong variations in infrared emission with orbital phase but are arguably less interesting from an atmospheric chemistry standpoint, with spectral signatures being dominated by a small number of species whose abundances are expected to be constant with longitude and consistent with thermochemical equilibrium. Solar-composition exo-Neptunes with T_eff = 900-1100 K reside in an interesting intermediate regime, with infrared phase curve variations being affected by both temperature and composition variations. This interesting intermediate regime shifts to smaller temperatures as atmospheric metallicity is increased, making cool higher-metallicity Neptune-class planets appropriate targets for Ariel phase-curve observations.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

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  1. Phase-dependent chemistry of WASP-43 b revealed with a suite of one-, two-, and three-dimensional models

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    Horizontal quenching at wind speeds ≳500 m/s, plus carbon-sulfur chemistry, explains the MIRI non-detection of night-side methane on WASP-43 b without requiring high metallicity.

  2. A parameterised approach to disequilibrium retrievals in the JWST era: Application to NIRCam observations of HD 189733b

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

    A quench-pressure parameterisation with two free parameters recovers unbiased C/O and [M/H] from synthetic JWST spectra with vertical mixing, and tentatively detects quenching and photochemical H2S depletion in HD 189...