Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 26 of 26 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2507.08031.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2507.08031 v2

Coverage vector

measured 26 of 26 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:59.002718Z

measured 28 of 28 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T22:36:30.735420Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T23:07:26.843285Z

Reference resolution

26 of 26 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy19
unresolved6
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 340f2f81-bc9b-4e8e-8c9f-16712fde00ca · outbound

This paper cites The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases,

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:05.516187Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ac2ee850-762c-4aa8-8611-02cb2e2cbe99 · outbound

This paper cites The State of Mental Health in America 2024,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding The State of Mental Health in America 2024,

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:05.220131Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ac6d70c3-97d2-46e4-9bc7-c3dfe9647294 · outbound

This paper cites How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic,

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:04.823250Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation cf8a9203-3ef4-42f9-ac90-1cfefefd974b · outbound

This paper cites Social media and mental health: benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Social media and mental health: benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice,

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:04.443059Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ed8ba62f-76f1-460d-8fdf-8bf111c002cd · outbound

This paper cites Dang, et al.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Dang, et al

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:04.117800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation bbcaa6df-4ea7-40b5-b83f-f99f87c2a3e1 · outbound

This paper cites Mental-llm: Leveraging large language models for mental health prediction via online text data,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Mental-llm: Leveraging large language models for mental health prediction via online text data,

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:03.759548Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation df586b4e-7273-459e-baa1-82a4c6c9d3b0 · outbound

This paper cites A taxonomy of ethical tensions in inferring mental health states from social media,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding A taxonomy of ethical tensions in inferring mental health states from social media,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:03.410345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 232ef0ce-4eb6-4ad8-a40e-6b0ddb21574f · outbound

This paper cites Beyond LDA: exploring supervised topic modeling for depression-related language in Twitter,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Beyond LDA: exploring supervised topic modeling for depression-related language in Twitter,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:03.038047Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6a88d9a5-b0a4-4b26-a13b-a651dbc3ec61 · outbound

This paper cites AER-LLM: Ambiguity-aware emotion recognition leveraging large language models,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding AER-LLM: Ambiguity-aware emotion recognition leveraging large language models,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:02.718421Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d0cf2ed4-002f-405d-88a0-61037b8c5166 · outbound

This paper cites Token-Level Logits Matter: A Closer Look at Speech Foundation Models for Ambiguous Emotion Recognition.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Token-Level Logits Matter: A Closer Look at Speech Foundation Models for Ambiguous Emotion Recognition

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:59.364163Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation a30306b3-31d2-4bd9-9826-d96e1df3cc58 · outbound

This paper cites Privacy-preserving deep learning,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Privacy-preserving deep learning,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:02.377071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation a42e6388-c2e0-436c-ae8a-ee4d146ba5ed · outbound

This paper cites ”Efficient and personalized mobile health event prediction via small language models.” Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding ”Efficient and personalized mobile health event prediction via small language models.” Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:02.076532Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 1f9d8cff-568d-4c06-b2ae-4bd1ed3793b9 · outbound

This paper cites Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phone

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:57.240115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a65a9797-5452-4623-b3fe-cbf952fb2d17 · outbound

This paper cites Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:57.400446Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8166ceba-ab53-44dd-b316-1fe5fb4bfdb3 · outbound

This paper cites Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Prediction.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Prediction

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:57.534782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0b7885b5-bb66-4003-804b-31905044fb24 · outbound

This paper cites A primer on neural network models for natural language processing,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding A primer on neural network models for natural language processing,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:01.809452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 7687ee98-4b31-467c-b682-31924f681c16 · outbound

This paper cites On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:01.492345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d5a478d2-ff6e-4e7b-aa3e-80cdef78c9c5 · outbound

This paper cites A discourse-aware attention model for abstractive summarization of long documents,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding A discourse-aware attention model for abstractive summarization of long documents,

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:01.162022Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ffc4567f-fd2d-442e-a9c4-3989fa3b3b58 · outbound

This paper cites Language models are few-shot learners,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Language models are few-shot learners,

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:00.910111Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 7e54fe16-3fee-41c6-9104-bde0ff0e3067 · outbound

This paper cites CLPsych 2019 shared task: Predicting the degree of suicide risk in Reddit posts,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding CLPsych 2019 shared task: Predicting the degree of suicide risk in Reddit posts,

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:00.546999Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 801508b4-45de-4c0b-856c-f66ca3c56fe2 · outbound

This paper cites Dreaddit: A Reddit Dataset for Stress Analysis in Social Media.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Dreaddit: A Reddit Dataset for Stress Analysis in Social Media

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:58.333008Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 18cfa444-353b-4a67-a39f-244094fce3d6 · outbound

This paper cites Early Detection of Depression Severity Levels on Reddit using a Multi-aspect-based Model,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Early Detection of Depression Severity Levels on Reddit using a Multi-aspect-based Model,

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:00.292798Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation c1393aab-2ac7-419d-9a35-fa20ba1fa548 · outbound

This paper cites Deep Learning for Suicidal Ideation Detection and Classification from Social Media Texts,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Deep Learning for Suicidal Ideation Detection and Classification from Social Media Texts,

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:09:00.017728Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5717e3a2-0cdd-4bb5-aea2-794249a99618 · outbound

This paper cites Knowledge-aware assessment of severity of suicide risk for early intervention,.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Knowledge-aware assessment of severity of suicide risk for early intervention,

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:59.651302Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 291d6569-3c46-4c92-81aa-2470f7abd395 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:58.873146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 676a3f63-a633-4aa0-bf8d-354b810fa809 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T19:08:59.002718Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation fc558154-3f8c-421c-8323-3cdfaa4de00e · inbound

HealthSLM-Bench: Benchmarking Small Language Models for Mobile and Wearable Healthcare Monitoring cites this paper.

HealthSLM-Bench: Benchmarking Small Language Models for Mobile and Wearable Healthcare Monitoring Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T22:36:30.735420Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 938cb96a-f2ed-49b2-807f-6d2308bc1532 · inbound

Titans-as-a-Layer: Test-Time Memory for Conversational Speech Emotion Recognition cites this paper.

Titans-as-a-Layer: Test-Time Memory for Conversational Speech Emotion Recognition Beyond Scale: Small Language Models are Comparable to GPT-4 in Mental Health Understanding

Reference 2

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T23:07:26.845155Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.