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Icezones instead of firewalls: extended entanglement beyond the event horizon and unitary evaporation of a black hole

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arxiv 1307.5861 v3 pith:O4IQ66A2 submitted 2013-07-22 hep-th gr-qc

classification hep-thgr-qc
keywords blackholeradiationhorizonhawkingearlyevaporationmode
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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We examine the basic assumptions in the original setup of the firewall paradox. The main claim is that a single mode of the lathe radiation is maximally entangled with the mode inside the horizon and simultaneously with the modes of early Hawking radiation. We argue that this situation never happens during the evolution of a black hole. Quantum mechanics tells us that while the black hole exists, unitary evolution maximally entangles a late mode located just outside the horizon with a combination of early radiation and black hole states, instead of either of them separately. One of the reasons for this is that the black hole radiation is not random and strongly depends on the geometry and charge of the black hole, as detailed numerical calculations of Hawking evaporation clearly show. As a consequence, one can't factor out the state of the black hole. However, this extended entanglement between the black hole and modes of early and late radiation indicates that, as the black hole ages, the local Rindler horizon is modified out to macroscopic distances from the black hole. Fundamentally non-local physics nor firewalls are not necessary to explain this result. We propose an infrared mechanism called {\it icezone} that is mediated by low energy interacting modes and acts near any event horizon to entangle states separated by long distances. These interactions at first provide small corrections to the thermal Hawking radiation. At the end of evaporation however the effect of interactions is as large as the Hawking radiation and information is recovered for an outside observer. We verify this in an explicit construction and calculation of the density matrix of a spin model.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 20 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Macroscopic Black-Hole Remnants in a Nonlocal Field Theory: Towards Hawking Radiation in SFT

    hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    In a smeared massless scalar on dynamical black hole, outgoing particle number drops to zero after scrambling time due to SFT nonlocality, implying macroscopic remnant.

  2. State of a particle pair produced by the Schwinger effect is not necessarily a maximally entangled Bell state

    hep-th 2019-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Schwinger pair spin correlations depend on the momentum direction: transverse momentum produces spin states that are not maximally entangled Bell states.

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