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Aspects of Particle Production from Bubble Dynamics at a First Order Phase Transition
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First order phase transitions (FOPTs) constitute an active area of contemporary research as a promising cosmological source of observable gravitational waves. The spacetime dynamics of the background scalar field undergoing the phase transition can also directly produce quanta of particles that couple to the scalar, which has not been studied as extensively in the literature. This paper provides the first careful examination of various aspects of this phenomenon, which is important for understanding the dynamics of the phase transition, the generation of gravitational waves, and various high energy and beyond the Standard Model phenomena. In particular, the contributions from various stages of FOPTs (bubble nucleation, expansion, collision, post-collision) are disentangled, and conceptual aspects of the associated underlying physics relevant for particle production are clarified. Subtleties related to non-universality of particle interactions and masses in different vacua are discussed, and the suppression of nonperturbative effects such as tachyonic instability and parametric resonance due to the inhomogeneous nature of the process is examined.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Abundant production of scalars and axions from phase transition bubble expansion
Constant-velocity spherical bubble walls radiate massive scalars until the wall's rest-frame curvature exceeds the particle Compton wavelength, a mechanism that can dominate freeze-in production of axion-like particles.
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Particle production from bubble collisions
Heavy particles are produced in bubble-wall collisions by on-shell partonic scatterings, not by off-shell decay of the classical field, so the earlier rates and their phenomenological signals are parametrically overestimated.
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Can the universe be matter-dominated after a supercooled first-order phase transition?
After a supercooled first-order phase transition, the scalar field's equation of state is set by the bubble-wall Lorentz factor γ*, and matter domination is delayed until a/a* ≃ γ* in the free-streaming limit.
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Gravitational Waves from Particles Produced from Bubble Collisions in First-Order Phase Transitions
Particles produced from bubble collisions generate a gravitational-wave signal whose low-frequency slope can dominate the standard signal from first-order phase transitions.
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Particle Production via Rippled Bubble Walls
A rippled bubble wall produces heavy particles resonantly when the momentum transfer matches the ripple frequency, potentially raising dark-matter abundance by orders of magnitude.
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Simulating first-order phase transition during inflation
A GUT-scale first-order phase transition embedded in Starobinsky inflation completes near the end of inflation, and lattice simulations confirm the predicted oscillatory gravitational-wave signal.
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Cosmic Colliders: High Energy Physics with First-Order Phase Transitions
Cosmic bubble collisions in runaway first-order phase transitions can, if the runaway regime holds, produce particles with masses far above the transition scale and energies approaching the Planck scale.
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