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Are the ultra-high-redshift galaxies at z > 10 surprising in the context of standard galaxy formation models?
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A substantial number of ultra-high redshift (8 < z < 17) galaxy candidates have been detected with JWST, posing the question: are these observational results surprising in the context of current galaxy formation models? We address this question using the well-established Santa Cruz semi-analytic models, implemented within merger trees from the new suite of cosmological N-body simulations GUREFT, which were carefully designed for ultra-high redshift studies. Using our fiducial models calibrated at z=0, we present predictions for stellar mass functions, rest-frame UV luminosity functions, and various scaling relations. We find that our (dust-free) models predict galaxy number densities at z~11 (z~13) that are an order of magnitude (a factor of ~30) lower than the observational estimates. We estimate the uncertainty in the observed number densities due to cosmic variance, and find that it leads to a fractional error of ~20-30% at z=11 (~30-80% at z=14) for a 100 sq arcmin field. We explore which processes in our models are most likely to be rate-limiting for the formation of luminous galaxies at these early epochs, considering the halo formation rate, gas cooling, star formation, and stellar feedback, and conclude that it is mainly efficient stellar-driven winds. We find that a modest boost of a factor of ~4 to the UV luminosities, which could arise from a top-heavy stellar initial mass function, would bring our current models into agreement with the observations. Adding a stochastic component to the UV luminosity can also reconcile our results with the observations.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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A cloud-based semi-analytic model shows that a top-heavy stellar initial mass function and a cloud-property-dependent star-formation efficiency, rather than cloud mass or density, most strongly shape the UV luminosity...
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Deep Spectroscopic Follow-Up of Maisie's Galaxy -- A Typical Galaxy in the Early Universe
Deep JWST spectroscopy of Maisie's Galaxy at z=11.4 reveals moderate star formation, metallicity, and ionization consistent with a typical galaxy on the early star-formation main sequence rather than an extreme source.
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Dark Secrets of Baryons: Illuminating Dark Matter-Baryon Interactions with JWST
JWST ultraviolet luminosity function data currently provide the strongest upper limits on velocity-dependent (∝v^{-2}) dark matter–proton scattering for sub-GeV dark matter.
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Predicting the number density of heavy seed massive black holes due to an intense Lyman-Werner field
The Lyman-Werner radiation channel alone forms at most about 10^-4 heavy seeds per cMpc^3 at z ~ 10, probably too few to explain JWST's high-redshift black hole candidates.
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