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How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis

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arxiv 2601.14412 v2 pith:P5OK6JWT submitted 2026-01-20 hep-ph

How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis

classification hep-ph
keywords curvatureperturbationssuper-horizonfirst-orderfoptsgauge-invariantinhomogeneitiesphase
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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When strongly supercooled cosmological first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) are sufficiently slow, super-horizon inhomogeneities can be generated. We compute these super-horizon curvature perturbations by employing a gauge-invariant, multi-fluid formalism. By resolving the gauge ambiguities inherent in conventional separate-universe simulations, we demonstrate that Primordial Black Holes are unlikely to be produced by these super-horizon inhomogeneities. We also derive a fitting formula for the resulting curvature perturbations and discuss potential observational constraints on FOPTs imposed by limits on primordial curvature perturbations and associated scalar-induced gravitational waves.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Can the universe be matter-dominated after a supercooled first-order phase transition?

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0

    After a supercooled first-order phase transition, the scalar field's equation of state is set by the bubble-wall Lorentz factor γ*, and matter domination is delayed until a/a* ≃ γ* in the free-streaming limit.

  2. Are Primordial Black Holes a Natural Dark Matter Candidate?

    hep-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.

  3. Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component

    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Accounting for the minimal mass spread of primordial black holes from gravitational collapse suppresses the Poltergeist GW background to the level of generic scalar-induced signals and reopens ultra-light PBH parameter space.

  4. Reviving primordial black hole formation in slow first-order phase transitions

    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Primordial black hole formation from slow first-order phase transitions remains viable if slow reheating after supercooling creates an early matter-dominated era allowing small overdensities to grow, producing black h...

  5. Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls

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  6. Primordial Black Holes from Slow Phase Transitions with Delayed Reheating: A Peak-Theory Approach

    hep-ph 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

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    hep-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Slow reheating after a supercooled first-order phase transition allows an early matter-dominated era in which small curvature perturbations grow sufficiently to form primordial black holes.

  8. Phenomenology of Vector Dark Matter produced by a First Order Phase Transition

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