Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 4 minor 1 cited by

Clustering Theorem for Bose-Hubbard class Gibbs states

T0 review · 2 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

Pith's one-line read The paper proves the first clustering theorem for bosonic systems: at high temperature, correlations in the Bose-Hubbard model decay exponentially with distance.

desk verdict First rigorous bosonic clustering theorem, with a real but fixable rigor gap around the definition of β*; deserves refereeing. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.10759 v4 pith:PBD5O3DJ submitted 2024-11-16 cond-mat.stat-mech math-phmath.MP

classification cond-mat.stat-mechmath-phmath.MP MSC 82B1082B20
keywords Bose-Hubbardmodelclusteringtheoremexponentialdecayofcorrelationshigh-temperatureGibbsstatesclusterexpansioninteractionpicturelow-boson-densityconditionthermalarealaw
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper establishes exponential clustering for high-temperature Gibbs states of the Bose-Hubbard model: correlations between local observables decay like $e^{{-dist/ξ}}$ for a temperature-dependent correlation length. This closes a gap that had remained open because bosonic operators are unbounded, so the standard finite-dimensional arguments for spins and fermions do not apply. The proof works by expanding the Gibbs state around the on-site interaction part and controlling the divergent bosonic terms with a Boltzmann-like regulator. The same machinery proves a bound on all local particle-number moments, which rigorously justifies the low-boson-density assumption used in prior bosonic results. From these tools the paper derives a constant upper bound on the specific heat density and a thermal area law for mutual information.

What carries the argument

The engine is an imaginary-time interaction-picture cluster expansion. One writes $e^{{-βH}}$=$e^{{-βW}}$S(β), expands S(β) as a Dyson series indexed by words over an alphabet of hopping edges, and groups words into overlapping and connected clusters; the thermal average then becomes a sum over connected edge subsets whose size and connectivity can be controlled by graph-theoretic lemmas. The unboundedness of bosonic operators is handled by inserting a local regularization X = α∑_{x∈V_X} n_x with α = C0√β, so the norm ∥X $e^{{-X}}$∥ replaces the divergent ∥X∥, and by proving trace-norm estimates such as Eqs. (E25) and (E42) for the cluster terms. For correlations, the same expansion is run in a doubled Hilbert space, where the correlation function becomes a single trace, and the truncation argument shows that words not connecting the two supports contribute zero, producing the exponential distance factor.

What would settle it

Evaluate the trace-norm bounds in Eqs. (E25) and (E42) on a two-site Bose-Hubbard chain as β→0: if any claimed O(1) constant grows without bound, or if the convergence radius β* shrinks to zero, the cluster expansion diverges and Theorems 1–2, together with the specific-heat and area-law corollaries, fail.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is Theorem 2: for the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian at sufficiently high temperature, the correlation function Cβ(X,Y) of two local operators separated by dist(X,Y) satisfies |Cβ(X,Y)| ≤ C_{T2}∥X $e^{{-X}}$∥ ∥Y $e^{{-Y}}$∥ $e^{{-dist(X,Y)/ξ(β)}}$, with ξ(β)^{-1} = -ln[σ C_{T2,1} $β^{{1/2}}$/(1 - C_{T2,2} $β^{{1/2}}$)] and O(1) constants. The factors $e^{{-X}}$ and $e^{{-Y}}$ are necessary regularizations because bosonic observables have unbounded norms; without them the left side can diverge. The same cluster-expansion and interaction-picture formalism yields the low-boson-density bound ⟨n_x^s⟩_{βH} ≤ (κ1/(e s κ2))^s, which had been assumed in previous bosonic Lieb-Robinson and area-law results. The paper treats these bounds as the base from which the quasi Dulong-Petit law, a constant specific heat at high temperature, and the bosonic thermal area law I(A:B) ≤ C β |∂A| follow.

Load-bearing premise

Everything rests on the cluster-expansion trace-norm estimates remaining finite with size-independent constants over some positive high-temperature window; the paper does not compute explicit values for that window, so its existence is the fragile link.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • At high temperatures, spatial correlations in Bose-Hubbard-type lattice bosons obey an exponential tail with correlation length ξ(β) ~ 1/|ln β^{1/2}|, the first such bosonic clustering theorem.
  • All local particle-number moments are bounded, ⟨n_x^s⟩_{βH} ≤ (κ1/(e s κ2))^s, so the low-boson-density condition previously assumed in bosonic Lieb-Robinson and simulation results is verified for these Gibbs states.
  • The specific heat density is O(1) at high temperature, a weak Dulong-Petit law, and the energy density grows at most linearly with temperature.
  • Mutual information across a bipartition satisfies the thermal area law I(A:B) ≤ C β |∂A|, improving the earlier max{1,β}|∂A| bound and vanishing as β→0.
  • The clustering and moment bounds extend to the Bose-Hubbard class with finite-range hopping and even polynomial on-site interactions, with correlation length modified to ξ(β)^{-1} = -ln[σβ^{1-1/q}/(1-Cβ^{1-1/q})] for q-th order interactions.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Because the paper does not provide explicit numerical values for β*, the honest reading is that the high-temperature window is asserted to exist; a concrete check of the constants in Eqs. (E25) and (E42) on small lattices would turn this into a fully explicit theorem.
  • The interaction-picture regulator e^{-α∑n_x} with α∼√β is likely reusable for other bosonic locality questions, such as Lieb-Robinson bounds with finite density or clustering of mutual information, where the same unboundedness obstruction appears.
  • The persistent finite correlation length in free bosons at arbitrarily high temperature suggests that for interacting bosons the correlation length may stay finite as β→0, in qualitative contrast to fermions; testing this numerically in a small Bose-Hubbard chain would separate the paper's bound from the true asymptotic behavior.
  • When the on-site interaction strength U_min vanishes, the constant C_{T2,1} diverges and the bound loses its exponential decay; this indicates the theorem's regime is genuinely tied to repulsive interactions rather than to hopping alone.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper develops an interaction-picture cluster expansion for the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian and claims: (i) a high-temperature bound on the local particle number, \langle n_x\rangle_{\beta H}\le C_{L1}\sqrt{\beta}; (ii) a low-boson-density moment bound \langle n_x^s\rangle_{\beta H}\le e^{-1}(\kappa_1/(e s\kappa_2))^s with s-independent constants; (iii) an exponential clustering theorem for correlation functions at high temperature, |C_\beta(X,Y)|\le C_{T2}\|X e^{-X}\|\|Y e^{-Y}\|e^{-\mathrm{dist}(X,Y)/\xi(\beta)}; and (iv) applications to a uniform specific-heat bound and a bosonic thermal area law. The technical core is a word- and cluster-based expansion of the Dyson series in the imaginary-time interaction picture, with Schatten-norm estimates for products of unbounded bosonic operators that are regularized by Boltzmann-like factors. The paper is self-contained in its derivation, with extensive appendices containing the trace-norm estimates, graph-theoretic summation lemmas, and technical inequalities.

Significance. If the central clustering theorem is correct, this is a substantial advance: it would be the first rigorous exponential clustering result for locally interacting bosons at high temperature, and it would provide a rigorous footing for low-density assumptions used in bosonic Lieb-Robinson bounds and related results. The specific-heat bound and the thermal area law with improved temperature scaling are natural and potentially useful applications. The paper also contains useful technical machinery: the interaction-picture cluster expansion, the doubled-Hilbert-space formulation, and the explicit Schatten-norm lemmas. However, as discussed below, one of the headline results (the low-boson-density moment bound) is not valid as stated, and the high-temperature window for the main theorems is defined through constants that depend on the same threshold, so the non-emptiness of the claimed regime is not established. These issues are load-bearing and must be fixed before the claims are reliable.

major comments (2)
  1. [§VI.A–VI.C, Eqs. (76), (89), and (111)] The final inequality in the proof of Corollary 1 is false. With the choices made in Eq. (34), namely \kappa_1=2e^2 C_{\kappa2} and \kappa_2=1, the claimed bound reads 2(C_{\kappa2}s)^s \le (1/e)(2e C_{\kappa2}/s)^s. For s=2 this is 8C_{\kappa2}^2 \le e C_{\kappa2}^2, which fails; for large s the left side grows like (\operatorname{const}\cdot s)^s while the right side decays like (\operatorname{const}/s)^s. Moreover, the same proof already contains the term C_{T1}(s/(ce\sqrt{\beta}))^s, which is of order (\operatorname{const}\cdot s)^s and cannot be dominated by a bound of the form (\kappa_1/(e s\kappa_2))^s with \kappa_1,\kappa_2 independent of s. Thus the asserted low-density bound (30) is not proven and, as stated, is inconsistent with the on-site estimate Eq. (F25) used in the same proof. This is a main advertised result and also underlies the exponential-tail statement Eq. (35).
  2. [§VI.A–VI.C, Eqs. (76), (89), and (111)] The thresholds \beta^*_{L1}, \beta^*_{T1}, and \beta^*_{T2} are defined in terms of constants that are themselves functions of the same threshold. For example, C_{1,2} is bounded via c_{L8}=c_{L8}(\beta^*,U_{\min},U_{\max},\mu,\ldots) from Lemma 8, and C_{5,2} and C_{6,3} inherit this dependence. Equation (111) then gives \beta^*_{T2} := \min\{(2eJ^2 C_{1,2})^2, 1/(C_{5,2}+\sigma C_{6,3})^2\} with C_{1,2}, C_{5,2}, C_{6,3} evaluated at the very \beta^* being defined. The proof asserts \beta^*=O(1) but never shows that the self-consistency map \beta\mapsto\min\{(2eJ^2 C_{1,2}(\beta))^2, 1/(C_{5,2}(\beta)+\sigma C_{6,3}(\beta))^2\} has a positive fixed point, nor does it prove a uniform bound on the constants over the claimed interval. Since every convergence estimate in the cluster expansion requires \beta<\beta^*, the non-emptiness of the high-temperature regime is not rigorously established. This is likely repairable with a small-\beta continuity and monotonicity argument, but as written the gap propagates to Theorems 1 and 2 and to Corollaries 2 and 3, which all inherit \beta^*_{T2} or related thresholds.
minor comments (4)
  1. [§IV, Eq. (96)] Equation (96) writes the cluster expansion for C_\beta(X,Y) with a prefactor 1/Z(\beta), whereas the doubled-Hilbert-space representation Eq. (39) and the later Eq. (99) use 1/Z(\beta)^2. This appears to be a typographical error, but it should be corrected for consistency.
  2. [§V.A, Eq. (49)] In the estimate for the hopping term in Corollary 2, the notation \beta^*_{O2} appears; this seems to be a typo for \beta^*_{C2}. Please check all such subscripted thresholds for consistency.
  3. [Throughout] There are numerous typos and grammatical slips, for example 'satisifies', 'the follow inequality', 'the follow bound', 'aribitrary', and inconsistent spacing around equations. These do not affect the mathematics but should be cleaned up in a revised manuscript.
  4. [§I.B and §IX] The outline and the body order are inconsistent: the outline says the proofs are presented in Sec. VI after applications in Sec. V, and the same issue recurs in the conclusion. Please make the section ordering and cross-references uniform.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the boson clustering theorem is derived from independent cluster-expansion estimates, not from its own conclusion or from fitted inputs.

full rationale

The central derivation is self-contained. Theorem 2 (Eq. (38)) is proved in Sec. VI C directly from the interaction-picture Dyson series, the doubled-Hilbert-space reformulation, and trace-norm bounds of cluster-expansion words (Eqs. (E25), (E42), (E61)); these bounds are proven from Schatten-norm inequalities and the technical lemmas in Appendix F, not from exponential clustering or from the low-boson-density condition being proved. Lemma 1 is established independently and is used to control partition-function ratios, while the low-boson-density condition is a corollary of Theorem 1 and can also be derived from Theorem 2 at dist=0 without being used in Theorem 2's proof. Corollaries 2 and 3 apply Theorem 2 after it has been proven. The citations to prior work are used for standard graph-theoretic counting lemmas (e.g., Ref. [20]) or as motivation for the low-boson-density condition (Refs. [32,68,69]); they do not supply the target clustering result. The only caveat is that the thresholds such as Eq. (111) are stated through O(1) constants whose definitions in the text formally invoke the chosen beta*; this is the usual small-beta bootstrap (the relevant constants have finite limits as beta->0), so it is an exposition/rigor caveat rather than a circular identification of the theorem with its input. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, and no step reduces by construction to the statement being proved.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper's central claims rest on standard mathematical tools (Schatten norms, Dyson series, Gibbs variational principle, graph-theoretic counting lemmas from Ref. [20]) and on domain assumptions of the Bose-Hubbard model (repulsive on-site interaction, finite-range hopping, high-temperature regime). No new physical entities are introduced. There are no fitted free parameters; all constants are O(1) and fixed by the proof.

assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption The on-site interaction is repulsive (U_x >= U_min > 0) so that the Hamiltonian is lower bounded and the Gibbs state is trace class.
    Section II.A.1, Eq. (7): 0 < U_min <= U_x <= U_max. This ensures e^{-beta H} is trace class and the Gibbs state is well-defined.
  • domain assumption The hopping is finite range with uniformly bounded amplitudes |J_xy| <= J, and the interaction graph has finite maximum degree d.
    Section II.A.1 and II.E: used for the cluster expansion combinatorics and for the sum over lattice sites to converge.
  • domain assumption The system is in a high-temperature regime beta < beta* for a finite beta* = O(1) chosen in the proofs (e.g., Eqs. (76), (89), (111)).
    The theorems are stated for beta < beta*; the proofs require convergence of geometric series involving C sqrt(beta).
  • standard math Graph-theoretic counting lemmas from Ref. [20] (e.g., Lemma 12 bounding the number of connected subgraphs) hold.
    Used in Eqs. (73)-(74) and Lemma 12; cited from prior literature.
  • standard math Standard functional-analytic tools: Holder's inequality for Schatten norms, Gibbs variational principle, Duhamel formula, Dyson series.
    Used throughout; standard results in mathematical physics.
  • domain assumption The local Hilbert space is the bosonic Fock space with infinite dimension, and the regularized operators X e^{-X} have bounded norm for the observables considered.
    Section II.A.3 and Section III; the regularization e^{-X} handles the unboundedness of bosonic operators.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Clustering Theorem for Bose-Hubbard class Gibbs states." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/PBD5O3DJ

@misc{pith2026241110759,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Clustering Theorem for Bose-Hubbard class Gibbs states},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/PBD5O3DJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.10759}
}
read the original abstract

We establish the exponential clustering of correlation functions for the high-temperature Gibbs states of Bose-Hubbard type models. To overcome the technical difficulties arising from the unboundedness of bosonic operators, we develop the interaction-picture cluster-expansion technique. This method also allows us to systematically bound the moments of the local particle number. This result provides an analytical justification for the low-boson-density condition frequently assumed in the study of bosonic many-body systems. As direct mathematical consequences of the clustering property, we derive a uniform upper bound on the specific heat density and establish a bosonic thermal area law with improved temperature dependence.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.10759 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. A mindmap of the main results, methodological framework and manuscript structure of this work. We present a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. A 2D square lattice illustrating the relation ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. A 2D square lattice as an illustartion of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (3 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: A 2D square lattice as an illustartion of bipartition [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: A 2D square lattice as an illustartion of the relation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: A 2D square lattice as an illustartion with the dif [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_6.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. When quantum thermal states look classical

    quant-ph 2026-07 accept novelty 8.0 of 10

    Long-range Pauli Gibbs states lose entanglement, magic, and infinite-temperature analyticity at distinct constant inverse temperatures Θ(1/sk), Θ(log(1/ε)/sk), and Θ(1/s√k), with matching classical algorithms.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

118 extracted references · 72 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [20]

    Time-correlation functions and trans- port coefficients in statistical mechanics

    Robert Zwanzig. Time-correlation functions and trans- port coefficients in statistical mechanics. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry , 16(1):67–102, 1965

  2. [1]

    Let us denote the original definitions as ( G)1 and ( VG)1 and define their alternative forms as 22 follows: (G)2 := {λ|λ \ (VG)1 ̸= ∅} (A1a) (VG)2 := [ λ∈G λ

    Local Properties of Edge and V ertex Subsets For convenience, we introduce two equivalent defini- tions of G and VG. Let us denote the original definitions as ( G)1 and ( VG)1 and define their alternative forms as 22 follows: (G)2 := {λ|λ \ (VG)1 ̸= ∅} (A1a) (VG)2 := [ λ∈G λ. (A1b) We then prove the equivalence of these definitions. Proof for (G)1 = (G)2....

  3. [2]

    (23) Putting Eqs

    Proof of Eq. (23) Putting Eqs. (17) and (20) into Eq. (16), we arrive at 1 Z(β) Tr Xe −βH = 1 Z(β) Tr Xe −βW S(β) = 1 Z(β) X w∈E∗ Tr Xe −βW f (w) = 1 Z(β) X w∈C(GX ) Tr Xe −βW f (w) + 1 Z(β) X w /∈C(GX ) Tr Xe −βW f (w) . (A4) As explained in the main text that C(GX ) = {w|w T GX ̸= ∅} collects all the words overlap with the edges contained by the support...

  4. [3]

    (25) Here we prove the general version of Eq

    Proof of Eq. (25) Here we prove the general version of Eq. (25) with 1 replaced by L. First for any G0 ⊂ E and any function f0(w), we have ∞X k=1 X w∈Ck ≥L(G0) Tr Xe −βW f0(w) = − ∞X m=1 (−1)m ∞X k=m k m X w∈Ck ≥L(G0) Tr Xe −βW f0(w) , (A7) where we have used Lemma 3 from Ref [20] and the derivation is similar to that of Eq. (A8) in the same refer- ence. ...

  5. [4]

    (B1) We are curious about what can we say about pn under the constraint (B1)

    Dual Picture of Low Density From low-boson-density condition, we have ∞X n=0 nspn ≤ 1 e κ1 e sκ2 s , ∀s ∈ N+. (B1) We are curious about what can we say about pn under the constraint (B1). In fact, we have ∞X n=0 ecna pn = ∞X n=0 ∞X m=0 (cna)m m! pn ≤ ∞X m=0 cm m! 1 e h κ1 e (am)κ2 iam . (B2) Then we choose a = κ−1 2 and show that there exists ϕ = ϕ(κ1, κ2...

  6. [5]

    This approach provides an alternative path- way for establishing the low-boson density condition

    Clustering Theorem Implies Low Density This subsection claims that we can obtain the proof for Corollary 1 with Theorem 2 in conjunction with Lemma 1. This approach provides an alternative path- way for establishing the low-boson density condition. Specifically, we can first finish the shortcut proof for Lemma 1 and then proceed through Theorem 2, which u...

  7. [6]

    Proof of Eq. (65) To begin with, we give the definition for the equivalent relation between any two words wI, wII ∈ {w ∈ [∂G]∗ : Gw = G} w.r.t G ∈ Am ≥L(G0): wI ∼ wII ⇐ ⇒ wI ↾ G c = wII ↾ G c wI ↾ Gj = wII ↾ Gj j = 1, 2, ..., m. (E1) Here, for any subalphabet G′ ⊂ E, the restriction w ↾ G′ of a word w ∈ E∗ is obtained from w by omitting all let- ters that...

  8. [7]

    durations

    T race Norm ofnGe−βWVG f (w) Here we bound nGe−βWVG f (w) 1 from above for any connected subalphabet and the word w satisifying w ∈ G∗ and Gw = G. This condition actually restricts the support of the word within VG and implies it is incon- sequential to refine the notation •(τ ) := eτ WVG • e−τ WVG . It will be convenient if we rewrite the Dyson series in...

Show all 118 references
  1. [8]

    Proof of Eq. (72) we first have |Cβ(nx0 )| ≤ C4√β ∞X m=1 X G∈Am ≥1(Gx0 ) ZG c (β) Z(β) √ 2C3√β !|VG| X ( w(j)∈G∗ j : Gw(j) =Gj )m j=1 mY j=1 (C5 √β)|w(j)| |w(j)|! |Gj |Y i=1 µi(w(j))! ≤ C4√β ∞X m=1 X G∈Am ≥1(Gx0 ) √ 2C3 p 2/Uminc−1 L5 |VG| mY j=1 X w∈G:Gw=G C5 √β |w| |w|! |Gj ...

  2. [9]

    dura- tion

    T race Norm ofe−β |WVG f (w) The newly introduced quantity |WVG affects the “dura- tion” technique in Eq. (E5) and we should first write e−β |WVG = eC0 √βδN G e−βWVG , (E27) where we denote δNG := P x∈VG δxnx with δx = 1 for x ∈ VX and otherwise δx = 0. Equation (E27) motivate...

  3. [10]

    (87) The main part of the derivation for Eq

    Proof of Eq. (87) The main part of the derivation for Eq. (87) is quite similar to that for Eq. (72). Following Eq. (E26), we have |Cβ(X)| ≤ ∞X m=1 X G∈Am ≥1(GX ) X ( w(j)∈G∗ j : Gw(j) =Gj )m j=1 ∥ qX∥ qZG c (β) Z(β) C3,2√β |VG| (C5,2 √β)|w(j)| |w(j)|! |Gj |Y i=1 µi(w(j))! ≤ C...

  4. [11]

    (E28) e−β |W (+) VG ef (w) = ec√βδ eN (+) G Z [0,β]|w|+1 D∆⃗ τ δ   |w|+1X i=1 ∆τi − β   |w|Y k=1 e−∆τkW (+) VG h(+) wk e−∆τ|w|+1W (+) VG , (E50) where in comparison with Eq

    T race Norm ofe −β |W (+) VG To obtain the bound for e−β |W (+) VG ef (w) 1 , we first have the formula similar to Eq. (E28) e−β |W (+) VG ef (w) = ec√βδ eN (+) G Z [0,β]|w|+1 D∆⃗ τ δ   |w|+1X i=1 ∆τi − β   |w|Y k=1 e−∆τkW (+) VG h(+) wk e−∆τ|w|+1W (+) VG , (E50) where in ...

  5. [12]

    (109) The derivations for Eq

    Proof of Eq. (109) The derivations for Eq. (109) is quite similar to those for Eq. (87): |Cβ(X, Y)| ≤ ∞X m=1 X G∈Am ≥1(GX ) X ( w(j)∈G∗ j : Gw(j) =Gj )m j=1 ∥ qX∥ ∥qY ∥ qZG c (β)2 Z(β)2 C 2 3,2 β !|VG| (C5,2 √β)|w(j)| |w(j)|! |Gj |Y i=1 µi(w(j))! ≤ (C 2 9 )|VX |+|VY |∥ qX∥ ∥qY...

  6. [13]

    pX n=0 (n + p)p + ∞X n=p+1 (n + p)pe−aq(n−p)q/2 # ≤eg(x0)

    ≤ Γ(p + 1)1/q = q√p!, which together with Eqs. (F13) and (F14) gives us Γ 1 + p q ≤ 2(p+1)/qπ−1/2qp−1/2 0 Γ(1/q + 1) q p p!. (F15) By denoting c1 := (2 1/qπ−1/2qp−1/2 0 Γ(1/q) + 1)1/p0 21/q we obtain Eq. (F10). ▶ For p = 0, we simply have ∞X n=0 e−anq ≤ 1 + Z ∞ 0 dx e−axq = 1 ...

  7. [14]

    Conformal invariance and critical phe- nomena

    Malte Henkel. Conformal invariance and critical phe- nomena. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013

  8. [15]

    Scaling and renormalization in statistical physics, volume 5

    John Cardy. Scaling and renormalization in statistical physics, volume 5. Cambridge university press, 1996

  9. [16]

    The renormalization group in the theory of critical behavior

    Michael E Fisher. The renormalization group in the theory of critical behavior. Reviews of Modern Physics , 46(4):597, 1974

  10. [17]

    Phase transitions and critical phe- nomena, volume 7

    H Eugene Stanley. Phase transitions and critical phe- nomena, volume 7. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971

  11. [18]

    Phase transitions and critical phenomena

    Cyril Domb. Phase transitions and critical phenomena . Elsevier, 2000

  12. [19]

    Statistical physics: theory of the condensed state

    Lev Davidovich Landau and Evgenii Mikhailovich Lif- shitz. Statistical physics: theory of the condensed state

  13. [21]

    The fluctuation-dissipation theorem

    Ryogo Kubo. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Re- ports on progress in physics , 29(1):255, 1966

  14. [22]

    Statistical-mechanical theory of irre- versible processes

    Ryogo Kubo. Statistical-mechanical theory of irre- versible processes. i. general theory and simple appli- cations to magnetic and conduction problems. Journal of the physical society of Japan , 12(6):570–586, 1957

  15. [23]

    Irreversibil- ity and generalized noise

    Herbert B Callen and Theodore A Welton. Irreversibil- ity and generalized noise. Physical Review , 83(1):34, 1951

  16. [24]

    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics

    Robert Zwanzig. Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics . Oxford university press, 2001

  17. [25]

    Kinetic equations and time correla- tion functions of critical fluctuations

    Kyozi Kawasaki. Kinetic equations and time correla- tion functions of critical fluctuations. Annals of Physics, 61(1):1–56, 1970

  18. [26]

    Statistical mechanics

    Kerson Huang. Statistical mechanics . John Wiley & Sons, 2008

  19. [27]

    History of the lenz-ising model

    Stephen G Brush. History of the lenz-ising model. Re- views of modern physics , 39(4):883, 1967

  20. [28]

    The potts model

    Fa-Yueh Wu. The potts model. Reviews of modern physics, 54(1):235, 1982

  21. [29]

    Potts model at the critical tem- perature

    Rodney J Baxter. Potts model at the critical tem- perature. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics , 6(23):L445, 1973

  22. [30]

    Electron correlations in narrow en- ergy bands

    John Hubbard. Electron correlations in narrow en- ergy bands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Lon- don. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences , 276(1365):238–257, 1963

  23. [31]

    Classical sim- ulation of short-time quantum dynamics

    Dominik S Wild and ´Alvaro M Alhambra. Classical sim- ulation of short-time quantum dynamics. PRX Quan- tum, 4(2):020340, 2023

  24. [32]

    Locality in quantum systems

    Matthew B Hastings. Locality in quantum systems. Quantum Theory from Small to Large Scales , 95:171– 212, 2010

  25. [33]

    Locality of tem- perature

    Martin Kliesch, Christian Gogolin, Micahel J Kasto- ryano, Arnau Riera, and Jens Eisert. Locality of tem- perature. Physical review x , 4(3):031019, 2014

  26. [34]

    Spectral gap and exponential decay of correlations

    Matthew B Hastings and Tohru Koma. Spectral gap and exponential decay of correlations. Communications in mathematical physics , 265:781–804, 2006

  27. [35]

    Lieb-robinson bounds and the exponential clustering theorem

    Bruno Nachtergaele and Robert Sims. Lieb-robinson bounds and the exponential clustering theorem. Com- munications in mathematical physics , 265:119–130, 2006

  28. [36]

    Speed limits and locality in many-body quantum dy- namics

    Chi-Fang Anthony Chen, Andrew Lucas, and Chao Yin. Speed limits and locality in many-body quantum dy- namics. Reports on Progress in Physics , 86(11):116001, 2023

  29. [37]

    Locally accu- rate tensor networks for thermal states and time evolu- tion

    ´Alvaro M Alhambra and J Ignacio Cirac. Locally accu- rate tensor networks for thermal states and time evolu- tion. PRX Quantum , 2(4):040331, 2021

  30. [38]

    Equilibration, ther- malisation, and the emergence of statistical mechan- ics in closed quantum systems

    Christian Gogolin and Jens Eisert. Equilibration, ther- malisation, and the emergence of statistical mechan- ics in closed quantum systems. Reports on Progress in Physics, 79(5):056001, 2016

  31. [39]

    Exponential clus- tering of bipartite quantum entanglement at arbitrary temperatures

    Tomotaka Kuwahara and Keiji Saito. Exponential clus- tering of bipartite quantum entanglement at arbitrary temperatures. Physical Review X , 12(2):021022, 2022

  32. [40]

    Some properties of correlations of quantum lattice systems in thermal equi- librium

    J¨ urg Fr¨ ohlich and Daniel Ueltschi. Some properties of correlations of quantum lattice systems in thermal equi- librium. Journal of Mathematical Physics , 56(5), 2015

  33. [41]

    Solving gapped hamiltonians lo- cally

    Matthew B Hastings. Solving gapped hamiltonians lo- cally. Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Ma- terials Physics , 73(8):085115, 2006

  34. [42]

    Out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems with long-range interactions

    Nicol` o Defenu, Alessio Lerose, and Silvia Pappalardi. Out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems with long-range interactions. Physics Reports, 1074:1–92, 2024

  35. [43]

    Bounds in nonequilibrium quantum dynamics

    Zongping Gong and Ryusuke Hamazaki. Bounds in nonequilibrium quantum dynamics. International Jour- nal of Modern Physics B , 36(31):2230007, 2022

  36. [44]

    Unified theory of local quantum many- body dynamics: Eigenoperator thermalization theo- rems

    Berislav Buˇ ca. Unified theory of local quantum many- body dynamics: Eigenoperator thermalization theo- rems. Physical Review X , 13(3):031013, 2023

  37. [45]

    Ef- fective light cone and digital quantum simulation of in- teracting bosons

    Tomotaka Kuwahara, Tan Van Vu, and Keiji Saito. Ef- fective light cone and digital quantum simulation of in- teracting bosons. Nature Communications, 15(1):2520, 2024

  38. [46]

    Ignacio Cirac

    Zongping Gong, Tommaso Guaita, and J. Ignacio Cirac. Long-range free fermions: Lieb-robinson bound, cluster- ing properties, and topological phases. Phys. Rev. Lett., 130:070401, Feb 2023

  39. [47]

    Light-cone-like spreading of correlations in a quantum many-body system

    Marc Cheneau, Peter Barmettler, Dario Poletti, Manuel Endres, Peter Schauß, Takeshi Fukuhara, Christian Gross, Immanuel Bloch, Corinna Kollath, and Stefan Kuhr. Light-cone-like spreading of correlations in a quantum many-body system. Nature, 481(7382):484– 487, 2012

  40. [48]

    Tightening the lieb-robinson bound in locally interacting systems

    Zhiyuan Wang and Kaden RA Hazzard. Tightening the lieb-robinson bound in locally interacting systems. PRX Quantum, 1(1):010303, 2020

  41. [49]

    Col- loquium: Area laws for the entanglement entropy

    Jens Eisert, Marcus Cramer, and Martin B Plenio. Col- loquium: Area laws for the entanglement entropy. Re- views of modern physics , 82(1):277–306, 2010

  42. [50]

    An area law for one-dimensional quantum systems

    Matthew B Hastings. An area law for one-dimensional quantum systems. Journal of statistical mechanics: the- ory and experiment , 2007(08):P08024, 2007

  43. [51]

    Area laws for the entanglement entropy-a review

    Jens Eisert, Marcus Cramer, and Martin B Plenio. Area laws for the entanglement entropy-a review. arXiv preprint arXiv:0808.3773, 2008

  44. [52]

    Matrix product states and pro- jected entangled pair states: Concepts, symmetries, the- orems

    J Ignacio Cirac, David Perez-Garcia, Norbert Schuch, and Frank Verstraete. Matrix product states and pro- jected entangled pair states: Concepts, symmetries, the- orems. Reviews of Modern Physics , 93(4):045003, 2021

  45. [53]

    Matrix product state representa- tions

    David Perez-Garcia, Frank Verstraete, Michael M Wolf, and J Ignacio Cirac. Matrix product state representa- tions. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0608197 , 2006

  46. [54]

    Quantum gibbs samplers: The commuting case

    Michael J Kastoryano and Fernando GSL Brandao. Quantum gibbs samplers: The commuting case. Com- munications in Mathematical Physics , 344:915–957, 2016. 42

  47. [55]

    Quantum approximate markov chains are thermal

    Kohtaro Kato and Fernando GSL Brandao. Quantum approximate markov chains are thermal. Communica- tions in Mathematical Physics , 370:117–149, 2019

  48. [56]

    Quasiparticle engineering and entangle- ment propagation in a quantum many-body system.Na- ture, 511(7508):202–205, 2014

    Petar Jurcevic, Ben P Lanyon, Philipp Hauke, Cor- nelius Hempel, Peter Zoller, Rainer Blatt, and Chris- tian F Roos. Quasiparticle engineering and entangle- ment propagation in a quantum many-body system.Na- ture, 511(7508):202–205, 2014

  49. [57]

    Non-local propagation of correlations in quan- tum systems with long-range interactions

    Philip Richerme, Zhe-Xuan Gong, Aaron Lee, Crys- tal Senko, Jacob Smith, Michael Foss-Feig, Spyridon Michalakis, Alexey V Gorshkov, and Christopher Mon- roe. Non-local propagation of correlations in quan- tum systems with long-range interactions. Nature, 511(7508):198–201, 2014

  50. [58]

    Efficient approximation of the dy- namics of one-dimensional quantum spin systems

    Tobias J Osborne. Efficient approximation of the dy- namics of one-dimensional quantum spin systems. Phys- ical review letters , 97(15):157202, 2006

  51. [59]

    Quantum algorithm for simulat- ing real time evolution of lattice hamiltonians

    Jeongwan Haah, Matthew B Hastings, Robin Kothari, and Guang Hao Low. Quantum algorithm for simulat- ing real time evolution of lattice hamiltonians. SIAM Journal on Computing , 52(6):FOCS18–250, 2021

  52. [60]

    Sample-efficient learning of interacting quantum systems

    Anurag Anshu, Srinivasan Arunachalam, Tomotaka Kuwahara, and Mehdi Soleimanifar. Sample-efficient learning of interacting quantum systems. Nature Physics, 17(8):931–935, 2021

  53. [61]

    Op- timal light cone for macroscopic particle transport in long-range systems: A quantum speed limit approach

    Tan Van Vu, Tomotaka Kuwahara, and Keiji Saito. Op- timal light cone for macroscopic particle transport in long-range systems: A quantum speed limit approach. Quantum, 8:1483, 2024

  54. [62]

    Lieb-robinson bound and locality for gen- eral markovian quantum dynamics

    David Poulin. Lieb-robinson bound and locality for gen- eral markovian quantum dynamics. Physical review let- ters, 104(19):190401, 2010

  55. [63]

    Quantum quench in the transverse-field ising chain

    Pasquale Calabrese, Fabian HL Essler, and Maurizio Fagotti. Quantum quench in the transverse-field ising chain. Physical review letters , 106(22):227203, 2011

  56. [64]

    Strongly correlated fermions after a quantum quench

    Salvatore R Manmana, Stefan Wessel, Reinhard M Noack, and Alejandro Muramatsu. Strongly correlated fermions after a quantum quench. Physical review let- ters, 98(21):210405, 2007

  57. [65]

    Quantum quench in an atomic one-dimensional ising chain

    Florian Meinert, Manfred J Mark, Emil Kirilov, Katha- rina Lauber, Philipp Weinmann, Andrew J Daley, and H-C N¨ agerl. Quantum quench in an atomic one-dimensional ising chain. Physical review letters , 111(5):053003, 2013

  58. [66]

    The fate of ernst ising and the fate of his model

    Thomas Ising, Reinhard Folk, Ralph Kenna, Bertrand Berche, and Yurij Holovatch. The fate of ernst ising and the fate of his model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.01764 , 2017

  59. [67]

    Gibbs states of a one dimensional quan- tum lattice

    Huzihiro Araki. Gibbs states of a one dimensional quan- tum lattice. Communications in Mathematical Physics , 14:120–157, 1969

  60. [68]

    The finite group velocity of quantum spin systems

    Elliott H Lieb and Derek W Robinson. The finite group velocity of quantum spin systems. Communications in mathematical physics, 28(3):251–257, 1972

  61. [69]

    The Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Gases, Volume I , volume 260

    Barry Simon. The Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Gases, Volume I , volume 260. Princeton University Press, 2014

  62. [70]

    Bose-einstein condensation

    Allan Griffin, David W Snoke, and Sandro Stringari. Bose-einstein condensation . Cambridge University Press, 1996

  63. [71]

    Theory of bose-einstein condensation in trapped gases

    Franco Dalfovo, Stefano Giorgini, Lev P Pitaevskii, and Sandro Stringari. Theory of bose-einstein condensation in trapped gases. Reviews of modern physics, 71(3):463, 1999

  64. [72]

    Experi- mental boson sampling

    Max Tillmann, Borivoje Daki´ c, Ren´ e Heilmann, Stefan Nolte, Alexander Szameit, and Philip Walther. Experi- mental boson sampling. Nature photonics, 7(7):540–544, 2013

  65. [73]

    Boson sampling on a photonic chip

    Justin B Spring, Benjamin J Metcalf, Peter C Humphreys, W Steven Kolthammer, Xian-Min Jin, Marco Barbieri, Animesh Datta, Nicholas Thomas- Peter, Nathan K Langford, Dmytro Kundys, et al. Boson sampling on a photonic chip. Science, 339(6121):798–801, 2013

  66. [74]

    Gaussian boson sampling

    Craig S Hamilton, Regina Kruse, Linda Sansoni, Sonja Barkhofen, Christine Silberhorn, and Igor Jex. Gaussian boson sampling. Physical review letters, 119(17):170501, 2017

  67. [75]

    One di- mensional bosons: From condensed matter systems to ultracold gases

    Miguel Angel Cazalilla, Roberta Citro, Thierry Gia- marchi, Edmond Orignac, and Marcos Rigol. One di- mensional bosons: From condensed matter systems to ultracold gases. Reviews of Modern Physics, 83(4):1405– 1466, 2011

  68. [76]

    A theory of highly condensed mat- ter

    John Dirk Walecka. A theory of highly condensed mat- ter. Annals of Physics , 83(2):491–529, 1974

  69. [77]

    Influence of dissipation on quantum tunneling in macroscopic sys- tems

    Amir O Caldeira and Anthony J Leggett. Influence of dissipation on quantum tunneling in macroscopic sys- tems. Physical review letters , 46(4):211, 1981

  70. [78]

    The the- ory of open quantum systems

    Heinz-Peter Breuer and Francesco Petruccione. The the- ory of open quantum systems . Oxford University Press, USA, 2002

  71. [79]

    Colloquium: Non-markovian dy- namics in open quantum systems

    Heinz-Peter Breuer, Elsi-Mari Laine, Jyrki Piilo, and Bassano Vacchini. Colloquium: Non-markovian dy- namics in open quantum systems. Reviews of Modern Physics, 88(2):021002, 2016

  72. [80]

    Finite speed of quan- tum information in models of interacting bosons at fi- nite density

    Chao Yin and Andrew Lucas. Finite speed of quan- tum information in models of interacting bosons at fi- nite density. Physical Review X , 12(2):021039, 2022

  73. [81]

    Lieb-robinson bound and almost-linear light cone in interacting boson systems

    Tomotaka Kuwahara and Keiji Saito. Lieb-robinson bound and almost-linear light cone in interacting boson systems. Physical review letters , 127(7):070403, 2021

  74. [82]

    Enhanced lieb- robinson bounds for a class of bose-hubbard type hamil- tonians

    Tomotaka Kuwahara and Marius Lemm. Enhanced lieb- robinson bounds for a class of bose-hubbard type hamil- tonians. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.04672 , 2024

  75. [83]

    Area laws in quantum sys- tems: mutual information and correlations

    Michael M Wolf, Frank Verstraete, Matthew B Hast- ings, and J Ignacio Cirac. Area laws in quantum sys- tems: mutual information and correlations. Physical review letters, 100(7):070502, 2008

  76. [84]

    Thermal area law for lattice bosons

    Marius Lemm and Oliver Siebert. Thermal area law for lattice bosons. Quantum, 7:1083, 2023

  77. [85]

    Thermo field dynamics and condensed states

    Hiroomi Umezawa, Hiroshi Matsumoto, and Masashi Tachiki. Thermo field dynamics and condensed states. 1982

  78. [86]

    Hyperbolic lattices in circuit quantum electro- dynamics

    Alicia J Koll´ ar, Mattias Fitzpatrick, and Andrew A Houck. Hyperbolic lattices in circuit quantum electro- dynamics. Nature, 571(7763):45–50, 2019

  79. [87]

    Quantum many-body systems in thermal equilibrium

    ´Alvaro M Alhambra. Quantum many-body systems in thermal equilibrium. PRX Quantum, 4(4):040201, 2023

  80. [88]

    Operator theory, volume 4

    Barry Simon. Operator theory, volume 4. American Mathematical Soc., 2015

  81. [89]

    Spectra of tensor prod- ucts of operators

    Arlen Brown and Carl Pearcy. Spectra of tensor prod- ucts of operators. Proceedings of the American Mathe- matical Society, 17(1):162–166, 1966

  82. [90]

    Molecular dis- tribution

    Joseph E Mayer and Elliott Montroll. Molecular dis- tribution. The Journal of Chemical Physics , 9(1):2–16, 1941

  83. [91]

    Statistical mechanics: Rigorous results

    David Ruelle. Statistical mechanics: Rigorous results . World Scientific, 1969

  84. [92]

    A lie bracket for the momentum kernel

    Hadleigh Frost, Carlos R Mafra, and Lionel Mason. A lie bracket for the momentum kernel. Communications in Mathematical Physics , 402(2):1307–1343, 2023

  85. [93]

    Free lie algebras

    Christophe Reutenauer. Free lie algebras. In Handbook 43 of algebra, volume 3, pages 887–903. Elsevier, 2003

  86. [94]

    Statistical physics of fields

    Mehran Kardar. Statistical physics of fields . Cambridge University Press, 2007

  87. [95]

    The law of dulong and petit, 1960

    Robert K Fitzgerel and Frank H Verhoek. The law of dulong and petit, 1960

  88. [96]

    Correlations, spectral gap and entanglement in harmonic quantum systems on generic lattices

    Marcus Cramer and Jens Eisert. Correlations, spectral gap and entanglement in harmonic quantum systems on generic lattices. New Journal of Physics , 8(5):71, 2006

  89. [97]

    Entanglement-area law for general bosonic harmonic lattice systems

    Marcus Cramer, Jens Eisert, Martin B Plenio, and J Dreissig. Entanglement-area law for general bosonic harmonic lattice systems. Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics , 73(1):012309, 2006

  90. [98]

    Mutual information area laws for thermal free fermions

    H Bernigau, Michael James Kastoryano, and Jens Eis- ert. Mutual information area laws for thermal free fermions. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2015(2):P02008, 2015

  91. [99]

    Statistical mechanics of fluid mix- tures

    John G Kirkwood. Statistical mechanics of fluid mix- tures. The Journal of chemical physics , 3(5):300–313, 1935

  92. [100]

    Cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices

    Dieter Jaksch, Christoph Bruder, Juan Ignacio Cirac, Crispin W Gardiner, and Peter Zoller. Cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices. Physical Review Letters , 81(15):3108, 1998

  93. [101]

    Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms

    Markus Greiner, Olaf Mandel, Tilman Esslinger, Theodor W H¨ ansch, and Immanuel Bloch. Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms. nature, 415(6867):39–44, 2002

  94. [102]

    Exponential decay of mutual information for gibbs states of local hamiltonians

    Andreas Bluhm, ´Angela Capel, and Antonio P´ erez- Hern´ andez. Exponential decay of mutual information for gibbs states of local hamiltonians. Quantum, 6:650, 2022

  95. [103]

    Clustering of conditional mutual information and quantum markov structure at arbitrary temperatures

    Tomotaka Kuwahara. Clustering of conditional mutual information and quantum markov structure at arbitrary temperatures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.05835 , 2024

  96. [104]

    Expo- nential decay of correlations implies area law

    Fernando GSL Brandao and Micha l Horodecki. Expo- nential decay of correlations implies area law. Commu- nications in mathematical physics , 333:761–798, 2015

  97. [105]

    Quantum belief propagation: An algorithm for thermal quantum systems

    Matthew B Hastings. Quantum belief propagation: An algorithm for thermal quantum systems. Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics , 76(20):201102, 2007

  98. [106]

    Strong decay of correlations for gibbs states in any dimension

    Andreas Bluhm, ´Angela Capel, and Antonio P´ erez- Hern´ andez. Strong decay of correlations for gibbs states in any dimension. arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.10147 , 2024

  99. [107]

    High-temperature gibbs states are unen- tangled and efficiently preparable

    Ainesh Bakshi, Allen Liu, Ankur Moitra, and Ewin Tang. High-temperature gibbs states are unen- tangled and efficiently preparable. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.16850, 2024

  100. [108]

    Statistical field theory

    Giorgio Parisi and Ramamurti Shankar. Statistical field theory. 1988

  101. [109]

    Finite-temperature field theory: Principles and applications

    Joseph I Kapusta and Charles Gale. Finite-temperature field theory: Principles and applications . Cambridge university press, 2007

  102. [110]

    Gaussian con- centration bound and ensemble equivalence in generic quantum many-body systems including long-range in- teractions

    Tomotaka Kuwahara and Keiji Saito. Gaussian con- centration bound and ensemble equivalence in generic quantum many-body systems including long-range in- teractions. Annals of Physics , 421:168278, 2020

  103. [111]

    Introduc- tion to quantum mechanics

    David J Griffiths and Darrell F Schroeter. Introduc- tion to quantum mechanics. Cambridge university press, 2018

  104. [112]

    Modern quantum mechanics

    Jun John Sakurai and Jim Napolitano. Modern quantum mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 2020

  105. [113]

    A short introduction to the lindblad master equation

    Daniel Manzano. A short introduction to the lindblad master equation. Aip advances, 10(2), 2020

  106. [114]

    Concepts of quantum non-markovianity: A hierarchy

    Li Li, Michael JW Hall, and Howard M Wiseman. Concepts of quantum non-markovianity: A hierarchy. Physics Reports, 759:1–51, 2018

  107. [115]

    Op- timal learning of quantum hamiltonians from high- temperature gibbs states

    Jeongwan Haah, Robin Kothari, and Ewin Tang. Op- timal learning of quantum hamiltonians from high- temperature gibbs states. In 2022 IEEE 63rd An- nual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pages 135–146. IEEE, 2022

  108. [116]

    There are related works such as [ J. Stat. Phys. 80, 223–271 (1995)] and [ Comm. Math. Phys. 50, 195–218 (1976)] focusing on the so-called unbounded spin sys- tems, however, both the setups here are (essentially) classical and an explicit form of clustering appears yet unproven

  109. [117]

    To provide a more compact notation for the edge and vertex subsets discussed later, we additionally define the local terms with respect to single sites, where hλ = 0 for any λ = x

  110. [118]

    (19) the summation over all the edges in E is reasonable

    Note that we have already set hλ = 0 for λ = {x}, therefore in Eq. (19) the summation over all the edges in E is reasonable

Pith tools

Reviewed August 12, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.