Optimal Control Strategies for Active Particle Navigation

The quest for the optimal navigation strategy in a complex environment is at the heart of microswimmer applications like cargo carriage or drug targeting to cancer cells. Here, we formulate a variational Fermat's principle for microswimmers determining the optimal path regarding travelling time, energy dissipation or fuel consumption. For piecewise constant forces (or flow fields), the principle leads to Snell's law, showing that the optimal path is piecewise linear, as for light rays, but with a generalized refraction law. For complex environments, like general 1D-, shear- or vortex-fields, we obtain exact analytical expressions for the optimal path, showing, for example, that microswimmers sometimes have to temporarily navigate away from their target to reach it fastest. Our results might be useful to benchmark algorithmic schemes for optimal navigation.