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Benchmarking Practices in LLM-driven Offensive Security: Testbeds, Metrics, and Experiment Design

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arxiv 2504.10112 v2 pith:PKLU3CGS submitted 2025-04-14 cs.CR cs.AI

classification cs.CRcs.AI
keywords analysisllmsmetricsoffensiveresearchtestbedsbenchmarkinglanguage
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful approach for driving offensive penetration-testing tooling. Due to the opaque nature of LLMs, empirical methods are typically used to analyze their efficacy. The quality of this analysis is highly dependent on the chosen testbed, captured metrics and analysis methods employed. This paper analyzes the methodology and benchmarking practices used for evaluating Large Language Model (LLM)-driven attacks, focusing on offensive uses of LLMs in cybersecurity. We review 19 research papers detailing 18 prototypes and their respective testbeds. We detail our findings and provide actionable recommendations for future research, emphasizing the importance of extending existing testbeds, creating baselines, and including comprehensive metrics and qualitative analysis. We also note the distinction between security research and practice, suggesting that CTF-based challenges may not fully represent real-world penetration testing scenarios.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Determinants and Limits of LLM Security-Tool Orchestration: A Study with HexStrike-AI

    cs.SE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For a fixed DeepSeek model, the MCP client alone produced a 2.1× solve-rate gap on HexStrike-AI CTF trials, and bundled tool/behavior fixes lifted overall success from 55.4% to 72.0%.

  2. From Controlled to the Wild: Evaluation of Pentesting Agents for the Real-World

    cs.AI 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    A practical evaluation protocol for AI pentesting agents that uses validated vulnerability discovery, LLM semantic matching, and bipartite scoring to assess performance in realistic, complex targets.

  3. A Survey of LLM-Driven Penetration Testing: Taxonomy, Co-Evolution, and Open Challenges

    cs.SE 2026-07 accept novelty 5.5 of 10

    LLM pentest agents co-evolved through four bottleneck-driven phases into RLVR systems, while CTF platforms became dual evaluation/training infrastructure and three linked reliability gaps remain.

  4. On the Surprising Efficacy of LLMs for Penetration-Testing

    cs.CR 2025-07 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A critical review arguing that LLMs are surprisingly effective for penetration testing because the task is largely pattern-matching, while noting serious reliability, safety, and cost barriers to autonomous use.

  5. From Promise to Peril: Rethinking Cybersecurity Red and Blue Teaming in the Age of LLMs

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    LLMs can assist both attackers and defenders in cybersecurity, but context limits, hallucinations, and weak reasoning make them unsafe to deploy without human oversight and real-world evaluation.

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