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Observations of the Lyman-$\alpha$ Universe
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abstract
Hydrogen Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) emission has been one of the major observational probes for the high redshift universe, since the first discoveries of high-$z$ Ly$\alpha$ emitting galaxies in the late 1990s. Due to the strong Ly$\alpha$ emission originated by resonant scattering and recombination of the most-abundant element, Ly$\alpha$ observations witness not only HII regions of star formation and AGN but also diffuse HI gas in the circum-galactic medium (CGM) and the inter-galactic medium (IGM). Here we review Ly$\alpha$ sources, and present theoretical interpretations reached to date. We conclude that: 1) A typical Ly$\alpha$ emitter (LAE) at $z\gtrsim 2$ with a $L^*$ Ly$\alpha$ luminosity is a high-$z$ counterpart of a local dwarf galaxy, a compact metal-poor star-forming galaxy (SFG) with an approximate stellar (halo) mass and star-formation rate of $10^{8-9} M_\odot$ ($10^{10-11} M_\odot$) and $1-10 M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, respectively; 2) High-$z$ SFGs ubiquitously have a diffuse Ly$\alpha$ emitting halo in the CGM extending to the halo virial radius and beyond; 3) Remaining neutral hydrogen at the epoch of reionization makes a strong dimming of Ly$\alpha$ emission for galaxies at $z>6$ that suggest the late reionization history. The next generation large telescope projects will combine Ly$\alpha$ emission data with HI Ly$\alpha$ absorptions and 21cm radio data that map out the majority of hydrogen (HI+HII) gas, uncovering the exchanges of i) matter by outflow/inflow and ii) radiation, relevant to cosmic reionization, between galaxies and the CGM/IGM.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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SPURS: Massive Stars, Dense Gas, and Ly$\alpha$ Escape in GN-z11 at $z = 10.6$
GN-z11's rest-UV spectrum shows young massive stars with very massive star winds, dense gas, and a broad red Ly alpha wing that may help Ly alpha escape the largely neutral early universe.
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Lyman-alpha haloes in the aftermath of reionisation
Lyα haloes around low-luminosity LAEs at z≥6 have exponential scale lengths ~3× smaller than at z~3 under matched intrinsic surface-brightness sensitivity, with stacks of non-detections showing no extended emission at high-z.
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Subaru meets JWST: A Direct Measurement of Ly$\boldsymbol{\alpha}$ Escape Fraction at $\boldsymbol{z\simeq6.2}$ with Dual Narrow-Band Imaging
Completeness-weighted stacking of 56 HAEs at z≃6.2 gives median f_esc^Lyα = 0.106^{+0.066}_{-0.044} with no strong Hα-luminosity dependence and UV-linked galaxy-to-galaxy trends.
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Force convergence in Monte Carlo Lyman-alpha radiative transfer
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SILVERRUSH. XIV. Lya Luminosity Functions and Angular Correlation Functions from ~20,000 Lya Emitters at z~2.2-7.3 from upto 24 ${\rm deg}^2$ HSC-SSP and CHORUS Surveys: Linking the Post-Reionization Epoch to the Heart of Reionization
Large Ly-alpha emitter samples yield tighter luminosity functions and clustering, implying a late, rapid reionization around z~7-8 with x_HI jumping to ~0.75 by z=7.3.
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