Cooperation, Competition, and Common Pool Resources in Mean Field Games

Mean field games (MFGs) have been introduced to study Nash equilibria in very large population of self-interested agents. However, when applied to common pool resource (CPR) games, MFG equilibria lead to the so-called tragedy of the commons (TOTC). Empirical studies have shown that in many situations, TOTC does not materialize which hints at the fact that standard MFG models cannot explain the behavior of agents in CPR games. In this work, we study two models which incorporate a mix of cooperative and non-cooperative behaviors, either at the individual level or the population level. After defining these models, we study optimality conditions in the form of forward-backward stochastic differential equations and we prove that the mean field models provide approximate equilibria controls for corresponding finite-agent games. We then show an application to a model of fish stock management, for which the solution can be computed by solving systems of ordinary differential equations, which we prove to have a unique solution. Numerical results illustrate the impact of the level of cooperation at the individual and the population levels on the CPR.