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Mixture-of-Experts with Expert Choice Routing

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arxiv 2202.09368 v2 pith:THGSX5X4 submitted 2022-02-18 cs.LG cs.AI

classification cs.LGcs.AI
keywords expertexpertsmethodmixture-of-expertsnumbertokentokenstop-k
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Sparsely-activated Mixture-of-experts (MoE) models allow the number of parameters to greatly increase while keeping the amount of computation for a given token or a given sample unchanged. However, a poor expert routing strategy (e.g. one resulting in load imbalance) can cause certain experts to be under-trained, leading to an expert being under or over-specialized. Prior work allocates a fixed number of experts to each token using a top-k function regardless of the relative importance of different tokens. To address this, we propose a heterogeneous mixture-of-experts employing an expert choice method. Instead of letting tokens select the top-k experts, we have experts selecting the top-k tokens. As a result, each token can be routed to a variable number of experts and each expert can have a fixed bucket size. We systematically study pre-training speedups using the same computational resources of the Switch Transformer top-1 and GShard top-2 gating of prior work and find that our method improves training convergence time by more than 2x. For the same computational cost, our method demonstrates higher performance in fine-tuning 11 selected tasks in the GLUE and SuperGLUE benchmarks. For a smaller activation cost, our method outperforms the T5 dense model in 7 out of the 11 tasks.

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Forward citations

Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 59 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. HierMoE: Accelerating MoE Training with Hierarchical Token Deduplication and Expert Swap

    cs.DC 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    HierMoE reduces MoE training time by removing duplicate token copies at each GPU-hierarchy level and swapping experts for load balance, measured at 1.18-1.27x end-to-end speedup on 32 GPUs.

  2. Chain-of-Experts: Unlocking the Communication Power of Mixture-of-Experts Models

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Chain-of-Experts replaces one parallel MoE routing step with several sequential expert steps inside a layer, reporting lower loss and memory use in small-scale experiments.

  3. Maximum Score Routing For Mixture-of-Experts

    cs.LG 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    MaxScore casts MoE routing as min-cost max-flow with SoftTopk and claims better loss and eval scores at equal FLOPs; unverified because the full text is unreadable.

  4. Neural Inhibition Improves Dynamic Routing and Mixture of Experts

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Neural inhibition gating on MoE router inputs improves a synthetic digit/squares benchmark by about four points over plain MoE, but the language-model evidence is unreliable.

  5. Hecto: Modular Sparse Experts for Adaptive and Interpretable Reasoning

    cs.AI 2025-06 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    A lightweight heterogeneous MoE with a GRU and an FFNN expert trails homogeneous baselines, and its claimed reasoning-type specialization is confounded by unequal expert inputs.

  6. Breaking Thought Patterns: A Multi-Dimensional Reasoning Framework for LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-06 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

    LADDER, a proposed mix of chain-of-thought prompting, mixture-of-experts layers, and linear projections, reportedly improves LLM creativity and diversity, but the evidence is thin and partly contradictory.

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