Blockchain in Environmental Sustainability Measures: a Survey

Hailun Wu; Jorge Medina; Khondaker M. Salehin; Maria-Victoria Vladucu; Roberto Rojas-Cessa; Ziqian Dong

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 248 references

Blockchain in Environmental Sustainability Measures: a Survey

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This survey establishes a seven-domain classification of blockchain applications in environmental sustainability and argues that the field's central open problems are scalability, data validation, interoperability, and too few real…

desk verdict A structurally useful but methodologically informal survey; the taxonomy is plausible, yet the checkmark-table evidence is not reproducible and needs revision before it should appear. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.15261 v1 pith:TSPKTDJN submitted 2024-12-16 cs.CR cs.CY

Maria-Victoria Vladucu , Hailun Wu , Jorge Medina , Khondaker M. Salehin , Ziqian Dong , Roberto Rojas-Cessa This is my paper · ORCID

classification cs.CRcs.CY

keywords blockchainenvironmentalsustainabilitygreenhousegasemissionscarbontradingsolidwastemanagementplasticwatercirculareconomy

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This survey tries to establish that blockchain applications for environmental sustainability can be meaningfully classified into seven concern domains and that the motivations for using blockchain reduce to a small set of recurring objectives: compliance checking, management, credits and trading, incentivization, and traceability. The survey also claims that across all domains the most-valued features are immutability, smart contracts, transparency, and traceability, and that the dominant open challenges are scalability, data validation, interoperability, and the scarcity of real, tested implementations. A sympathetic reader would care because the paper offers a structured map of a scattered literature, letting researchers see where blockchain has been proposed, what it promises, and where the evidence stops.

What carries the argument

The machinery is the classification scheme itself: a seven-part application taxonomy (greenhouse gas emissions, carbon management, solid waste, plastic waste, food waste, water management, circular economy) whose cells record objectives, influencing stakeholders, blockchain features, framework and consensus, supporting technologies, and open challenges. The paper's summary tables (Tables II through IX) are the load-bearing instruments: they reduce dozens of individual proposals to comparable feature patterns, and Table I sets the vocabulary of consensus algorithms, frameworks, and features used across the survey.

What would settle it

Re-code the papers listed in Tables II through IX using two independent coders and a pre-specified codebook; if the resulting feature assignments and objective categories diverge substantially from the published tables, the taxonomy is not reproducible.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central claim is that the literature on blockchain for environmental sustainability is not an undifferentiated heap but a structured field: every surveyed application can be assigned to one of seven concern areas, and within each area the motivation for using blockchain reduces to a few recurring objectives, such as compliance checking, emissions management, credit and allowance trading, fine collection, incentivizing desired behavior, and tracing feedstocks or products. The paper supports this by building summary tables that cross objective, stakeholders, blockchain features, frameworks, consensus algorithms, supporting technologies, and challenges for each domain, and by identifying the features most frequently sought (immutability, smart contracts, transparency, traceability) and the challenges most frequently named (scalability, data validation, interoperability, privacy, and the lack of tested implementations).

Load-bearing premise

The classification's reliability rests on the unstated assumption that the survey's reading of each cited paper is faithful and that the feature checkmarks in its summary tables correctly assign blockchain features to the proposed systems.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A new researcher can use the seven-domain map to locate where blockchain proposals already exist and where gaps remain.
Practitioners can see that smart contracts, transparency, and traceability are the features most often sought, and that Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum are the dominant frameworks in the surveyed literature.
The recurring challenge set of scalability, data validation, interoperability, energy consumption, and implementation scarcity signals where funding and research effort are most needed.
The paper's list of implementations with available source code (Table XI) provides concrete starting points for reproducing or extending existing systems.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If immutability cannot fix false input data, the persistent 'data validation' challenge implies that the most decisive bottleneck for these systems is not the ledger but the sensors and human reporting upstream of it.
Because the paper excludes energy and chemical waste management, its seven-domain taxonomy could be stress-tested by applying the same objective categories to those excluded domains to see whether compliance, trading, incentivization, and traceability still cover the literature.
The scarcity of open-source implementations (Table XI) suggests that a useful next step, not undertaken in the survey, is a comparative performance benchmark of the available codebases on a common dataset.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Colleague,

This is a survey of blockchain applications for environmental sustainability, organized into seven domains: GHG, carbon, solid waste, plastic, food, water, and circular economy. What's actually new is the objective-based taxonomy and a table of open-source implementations. The source-code inventory is genuinely useful — it lists repos for GHG monitoring, carbon trading, plastic recycling, food waste, water, and circular economy — and the comparison with prior surveys is fair.

The survey does a decent job of mapping the literature. The per-domain breakdown of stakeholders, blockchain frameworks, consensus algorithms, and supporting technologies is consistent and readable. The authors distinguish their contribution from earlier surveys and acknowledge that many systems are proprietary or not implemented.

The soft spots are real, and they center on the evidence behind the tables. Tables II–IX compress each cited paper into feature checkmarks without any codebook, search protocol, or inter-rater validation. A misread in one paper propagates into the aggregate claims about dominant motivations and challenges. The stress-test note has this right: a different team could plausibly produce a different seven-domain split from the same literature. That doesn't sink the paper, but it makes the central taxonomy unverifiable as written. There is also an internal factual contradiction: Section III-D defines microplastics as <5 mm, then later in the same section says "Microplastics (>5 mm in size)." One is a typo, but it should be fixed. There are also mechanical typos ("Bitcon", "Hyberledger Besu", "Hyperleger") that suggest a last proofread didn't happen.

I don't agree with the harshest reading. The circularity concern is mostly a non-issue: the self-citations are to relevant prior work (consensus definitions, IPFS storage, carbon-footprint chain), and a survey doesn't derive predictions. The GHG/carbon split is fuzzy, but the authors state that CO2 is covered in the carbon section, which is an editorial choice, not an error.

Bottom line: this is a useful map, not a rigorous synthesis. The paper should go to peer review, but with a serious request for revision: add a methodology section (search protocol, inclusion criteria, coding rules), fix the microplastic size and typos, and consider a cleaner split between GHG and carbon. For readers who want a quick orientation to the area, it will be valuable once that is done.

Recommendation: send it to a venue that will actually ask for these revisions, not a desk reject.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper surveys blockchain-based approaches to environmental sustainability, organizing the literature into seven domains: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon management, solid waste, plastic waste, food waste, water management, and circular economy. For each domain, the authors identify application objectives, influencing stakeholders, sought blockchain features, frameworks and consensus algorithms, supporting technologies, and open challenges. The paper also compares against existing surveys, lists published source-code implementations, and concludes that the main motivations are compliance, management, trading, incentivization, and traceability, while the dominant challenges are scalability, data validation, interoperability, and the scarcity of real-world implementations. The survey explicitly excludes energy management and chemical waste.

Significance. If the taxonomy and aggregate patterns are correct, this survey provides a useful organizing framework for a fragmented literature. Its strengths include the breadth of coverage, explicit definitions of blockchain features, comparison with previous surveys, and a practical table of open-source implementations. The central evidence, however, consists of feature-checkmark tables whose coding is not auditable from the manuscript, so the reported motivation and challenge clusters rest on an unstated interpretive procedure. The paper also contains internal inconsistencies in domain boundaries and factual details. These issues are fixable and do not invalidate the overall descriptive contribution, but they currently limit the reliability of the survey's central claims.

major comments (3)

[§III and Tables II–IX; §IV] The aggregate claims in Section IV about dominant motivations and challenges are derived entirely from the feature checkmarks and objective assignments in Tables II–IX, but the paper provides no search protocol, inclusion/exclusion criteria, codebook, or inter-rater validation. For example, the distinction between 'greenhouse gas emissions' and 'carbon management' is presented without a decision rule, and the assignment of individual papers to 'Check compliance' versus 'Facilitate management' rows is not justified. Because a different survey team could plausibly produce different clusters from the same literature, the authors should either add a methodology section documenting how papers were selected and coded, or explicitly reframe the taxonomy as an interpretive proposal rather than an exhaustive, reproducible classification.
[§III.A vs §III.B] The paper separates 'Greenhouse Gas Emissions' and 'Carbon Management' into two domains even though CO2 is itself a GHG. The text in §III.A3 states that CO and CO2 are 'particularly addressed in Section III-B,' yet Table II includes CO and CO2-related emissions within the GHG section (e.g., the row for [42] lists CO, and Section III.A3 discusses CO2 as a GHG). This overlap makes the seven-domain taxonomy ambiguous at a load-bearing point. The authors should state an explicit rule for when an application is classified under GHG emissions versus carbon management, or merge the two domains and split by objective.
[§III.D (Plastic Management)] The paper contradicts itself on the definition of microplastics: it first states that plastic disintegrates into 'microplastic particles (<5 mm in size)' and later refers to 'Microplastics (>5 mm in size) on the ocean surface.' The second occurrence appears to be a typographical error, but because the paragraph discusses the motivation for ocean-plastic feedstock tracing, the inconsistency is not purely cosmetic. Correct the size threshold and ensure it is used consistently throughout the section.

minor comments (5)

[§III.A3] The text lists 'CH3' among the emissions studied in management-facilitation applications; this should likely be 'CH4' (methane), which is the formula used elsewhere in the same section and in Table II.
[§III.B4 and Table VI] There are typographical errors in framework names: 'Bitcon' should be 'Bitcoin' in §III.B4, and 'Hyberledger Besu' in Table VI should be 'Hyperledger Besu.' Please proofread these and similar proper nouns.
[§II.A] Several consensus-algorithm descriptions, notably Proof of Stake Time (PoST) and Proof of Vote (PoV), are given without citations. Adding references for these definitions would improve the survey's usefulness.
[§I and abstract] The paper states that it conducts 'exhaustive literature research' while also excluding energy management and chemical waste. The exclusion is reasonable and stated, but 'exhaustive' overclaims given the absence of a documented search protocol; a more measured phrase such as 'broad literature review' would be consistent with the actual methodology.
[Table XI] The source-code table is a valuable contribution, but some repository links appear truncated in the reference list (e.g., the entry for Mughal et al. [195]). Please verify that all URLs are complete and accessible.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the survey's taxonomy is a descriptive synthesis of cited primary work, and the authors' self-citations are illustrative background rather than load-bearing evidence.

full rationale

This paper is a descriptive literature survey, not a derivation with fitted parameters or predictions whose outputs could reduce to its inputs. The central claims are the seven-domain classification (greenhouse gas, carbon, solid waste, plastic, food waste, water, circular economy), the feature/objective groupings, and the reported challenges; these are presented as summaries of the reviewed literature and are explicitly tabulated in Tables II–X. No quantity is fit to a subset of data and then reported as a prediction, and no definition covertly presupposes the claimed result. The self-citations are [13] (an earlier e-voting survey used for general consensus-algorithm terminology), [53] (IPFS reliability, cited when discussing off-chain storage), and [70] (Carbon Footprint Chain, one of the surveyed carbon-monitoring systems). None of these is used to justify the survey's taxonomy or aggregate conclusions, and the paper does not invoke any uniqueness theorem or prior work by the same authors to forbid alternative classifications. The Carbon Footprint Chain citation is itself one item of the literature being reviewed rather than an authority that carries the argument. The only methodological soft spot is the reproducibility of the table checkmarks, since no extraction codebook or inter-rater validation is provided; that is a validity and transparency concern, not circularity. Under the stated rules, minor non-load-bearing self-citation warrants at most a low score, so the appropriate finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The survey introduces no new entities or free parameters; its conclusions rest on interpretive assumptions about the literature and on scope choices.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption The classification of each surveyed paper by objective and blockchain feature is accurate.
The entire taxonomy is built on the authors' qualitative reading of 247 references; no codebook, inter-rater agreement, or validation against authors of the surveyed papers is provided.
domain assumption Blockchain feature definitions in Section II are standard and sufficient for the classification.
Definitions such as immutability, transparency, and anonymity are taken as background and applied to the surveyed systems without formal specification.
ad hoc to paper Excluding energy management and chemical waste does not bias the survey's conclusions.
Section I states these are excluded due to broad scope and localized nature, but energy consumption of blockchain itself is later flagged as a concern, so the exclusion may hide relevant trade-offs.

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Pith. "Pith review of Blockchain in Environmental Sustainability Measures: a Survey." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/TSPKTDJN

@misc{pith2026241215261,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Blockchain in Environmental Sustainability Measures: a Survey},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/TSPKTDJN}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.15261}
}

read the original abstract

Real and effective regulation of contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants requires unbiased and truthful monitoring. Blockchain has emerged not only as an approach that provides verifiable economical interactions but also as a mechanism to keep the measurement, monitoring, incentivation of environmental conservationist practices and enforcement of policy. Here, we present a survey of areas in what blockchain has been considered as a response to concerns on keeping an accurate recording of environmental practices to monitor levels of pollution and management of environmental practices. We classify the applications of blockchain into different segments of concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, solid waste, water, plastics, food waste, and circular economy, and show the objectives for the addressed concerns. We also classify the different blockchains and the explored and designed properties as identified for the proposed solutions. At the end, we provide a discussion about the niches and challenges that remain for future research.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.15261 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** Blockchain features in environmental monitoring: inherent ones, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Objectives pursued in reported blockchain applications for management [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (6 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Three objectives pursued in blockchain applications for Carbon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Stages of solid waste management for the application of blockchain. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Main objectives sought in the management of plastic with existing [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Four main objectives sought in existing blockchain applications for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Objectives of blockchain applications on water management. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Representation of stages involved in circular economy. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_9.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

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