Records from the S-Matrix Marathon: Schwinger-Keldysh Formalism

These notes provide an overview of real-time techniques in quantum field theories and holography. We outline the general rationale and principles underlying the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism and its out-of-time-order generalizations. To illustrate its broad utility we frame our discussion in the language of open quantum dynamics. As a specific application we describe how such real-time observables help in understanding scrambling dynamics. We also describe the holographic prescription for computing thermal Schwinger-Keldysh observables. These notes are based on a series of lectures held during the S-Matrix Marathon workshop at the Institute for Advanced Study on 11-22 March 2024.