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Gravitational collapse to extremal black holes and the third law of black hole thermodynamics

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arxiv 2211.15742 v2 pith:U3UUONNF submitted 2022-11-28 gr-qc math-phmath.APmath.DGmath.MP

classification gr-qcmath-phmath.APmath.DGmath.MP
keywords blackholehorizonadvancedcharacteristicconstructioneventexamples
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abstract

We construct examples of black hole formation from regular, one-ended asymptotically flat Cauchy data for the Einstein-Maxwell-charged scalar field system in spherical symmetry which are exactly isometric to extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om after a finite advanced time along the event horizon. Moreover, in each of these examples the apparent horizon of the black hole coincides with that of a Schwarzschild solution at earlier advanced times. In particular, our result can be viewed as a definitive disproof of the "third law of black hole thermodynamics." The main step in the construction is a novel $C^k$ characteristic gluing procedure, which interpolates between a light cone in Minkowski space and a Reissner-Nordstr\"om event horizon with specified charge to mass ratio $e/M$. Our setup is inspired by the recent work of Aretakis-Czimek-Rodnianski on perturbative characteristic gluing for the Einstein vacuum equations. However, our construction is fundamentally nonperturbative and is based on a finite collection of scalar field pulses which are modulated by the Borsuk-Ulam theorem.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Near--extremal gravitational collapse in 4+1 dimensions: Schwarzschild--de--Sitter space

    gr-qc 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    Numerical simulations in 4+1 dimensions show near-extremal Schwarzschild-de Sitter black holes forming from gravitational wave collapse with mass over 99% of the extremal limit, suggesting the third law may not apply ...

  2. A Nonlinear Endpoint of Charged Horizon Instabilities

    gr-qc 2026-02 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Charged scalar collapse can form dynamical extremal black holes whose horizons show divergent energy density and constant charge hair, with universal near-threshold scaling.

  3. Violation of the third law of black hole mechanics in vacuum gravity

    gr-qc 2026-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Numerical gluing constructions show finite-time formation of an extremal Myers-Perry black hole in five-dimensional vacuum gravity, from Schwarzschild or from no black hole.

  4. Approaching a dynamical extreme black hole horizon

    hep-th 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Explicit JT-gravity solutions give closed-form descriptions of the late-time approach to dynamical extreme Reissner-Nordström black holes with persistent Aretakis instability.

  5. Formation of extremal Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes: insights from numerics

    gr-qc 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For several scalar-field profiles, extremal Reissner-Nordström black holes can be glued from collapse only above a profile-dependent threshold in eM, and only for scalar masses below about m/e≈0.28.

  6. On the third law of black hole mechanics for supersymmetric black holes

    gr-qc 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Supersymmetric black holes cannot form in finite time from matter obeying the local mass-charge inequality, and a non-extremal black hole cannot evolve into a supersymmetric one in finite time.

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