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arxiv: 2606.31065 · v1 · pith:UNSCKQ2Bnew · submitted 2026-06-30 · 💻 cs.CV

Diffusion-Based Material Regularization for Physics-Based Inverse Rendering

Jingwang Ling , Lifan Wu , Feng Xu , Shuang Zhao This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-01 06:44 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV
keywords inverse renderingmaterial reconstructiondiffusion modelsphysics-based renderingregularizationrelighting3D reconstructionmulti-view images
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The pith

Treating diffusion model outputs as a similarity kernel regularizes materials during physics-based inverse rendering.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper aims to show that diffusion predictions can guide material optimization without being treated as fixed targets. Instead of replacing the physics-based image formation model, the approach adds a loss that keeps material parameters consistent only across surface patches where the diffusion model sees little change. This frees the optimizer to match observed images closely while avoiding the common failure mode in which lighting gets baked into materials. The resulting assets can be fed directly into conventional renderers and produce correct appearance under new lighting. A reader would care because inverse rendering has long been underconstrained, and this offers a way to import learned priors without breaking physical consistency.

Core claim

The central claim is that a regularization loss built from a diffusion model's per-pixel similarity predictions penalizes material variation only where those predictions are nearly constant, leaving the optimizer free to fit the input images elsewhere; when embedded in an end-to-end differentiable pipeline, this loss enables joint recovery of geometry, materials, and illumination that satisfies the rendering equation and supports accurate relighting.

What carries the argument

The diffusion-based material regularization loss, which uses diffusion predictions as a similarity kernel rather than as target material values.

If this is right

  • Joint optimization of geometry, materials, and illumination becomes feasible from multi-view images.
  • Reconstructed assets can be inserted directly into standard rendering pipelines without further adjustment.
  • The assets support faithful appearance under novel lighting conditions.
  • Quantitative improvements appear on Synthetic4Relight, Stanford-ORB, and DTC-Synthetic in both reconstruction error and relighting metrics.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same similarity-kernel idea could be applied to other data-driven priors such as normals or geometry.
  • The approach might reduce the number of input views needed by letting the diffusion model supply additional consistency constraints.
  • Because the loss is differentiable, it could be combined with other differentiable renderers or editing tools.

Load-bearing premise

The diffusion model's per-pixel predictions supply a reliable similarity kernel that does not systematically conflict with the image-formation model or introduce biases that cannot be overcome by the data term.

What would settle it

If assets reconstructed by the method produce renderings that match the training views yet deviate substantially from ground-truth images when illuminated by novel lighting on the Synthetic4Relight or Stanford-ORB test sets, the central claim would be falsified.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.31065 by Feng Xu, Jingwang Ling, Lifan Wu, Shuang Zhao.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Qualitative comparison of relighting on the Stanford-ORB dataset [21] between our method, Neural-PBIR [39], and MaterialFusion [27]. With our new material cluster￾ing regularizer, we avoid baked-in shadows while accurately modeling spatially varying materials (top). Our method is also more robust to strong highlights on glossy metallic surfaces, producing more accurate reflections (bottom). Abstract. Recon… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Overview of our pipeline. From N multi-view images {Ii} under unknown illumination, we (1) predict per-view intrinsic G-buffers G = [A, R,M, N] with a con￾ditional diffusion model; (2) reconstruct a voxel-grid SDF by neural volume rendering, supervised by the predicted normals N (Lshape); and (3) jointly optimize shape, spa￾tially varying material, and an environment map by differentiable rendering, minimi… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Qualitative comparison of relighting on the Stanford-ORB dataset [21] and DTC-Synthetic dataset [11] between our method, Neural-PBIR [39], and MaterialFu￾sion [27]. 4.1 Implementation Details For the SDF stage, we largely follow [39] and add the normal regularization term with weight 10−5 . For the PBIR stage, we represent the shape as a mesh, the materials with the Disney principled BRDF [4] (optimizing b… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Qualitative comparison of relighting on the Synthetic4Relight dataset [50] be￾tween our method, Neural-PBIR [39], and MaterialFusion [27]. tivation. BRDF outputs use no activation; we clamp them to [0, 1] and apply an L1 penalty to out-of-range values with a weight of 10−2 . We optimize using an initial learning rate of 3×10−2 with cosine annealing to 10−3 . We set λmat = 0.1, σg = 0.02 and ϵ = 10−2 , and … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Qualitative comparison of relighting between our method and alternative ma￾terial regularization strategies, including directly back-projecting DiffusionRenderer predictions (Diffusion-BP), optimizing from this initialization without regularization (w/o reg.), and using a non–data-driven albedo–specular correlation regularizer (d-s corr.). cup_scene007 Input Relight-GT Ours scale inv. curry_scene001 Input … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Qualitative relighting comparison between our method and the global scale￾invariant loss from VideoMat [33]. MaterialFusion is based on a different shape reconstruction pipeline [15], so shape quality is not directly comparable. It often eliminates baked-in shadows but tends to underfit the input images, failing to reconstruct spatially varying color patterns in cup_scene006 and on the side of baking_scene… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Ablation study on the normal-supervision loss (Eq. (1)). Relight-GT Ours No albedo trans [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Ablating scale-agnostic albedo transformation. Rows show relighting and environment maps. Our method outperforms the baselines on relighting accuracy as well as albedo/roughness estimation and shape reconstruction. As Neural-PBIR is the current state of the art on Stanford-ORB, surpassing it sets a new state of the art on this dataset by a notable margin. 4.4 Exploring Alternative Choices We evaluate alter… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Additional qualitative Stanford-ORB relighting results grouped by case. Each row shows the shared input and relighting target once, followed by previous-method baselines and our result. agate these errors and become less effective ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Synthetic4Relight air_baloons split-channel-guidance ablation qualitative comparison (input view 012, roughness view 000). B DiffusionRenderer: Image Mode vs. Video Mode DiffusionRenderer [25] supports two inference modes. In image mode, each view is processed independently, yielding sharp per-view G-buffer predictions. In video mode, views are processed jointly as a temporally coherent sequence, which im… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Comparison of DiffusionRenderer predictions in video mode and image mode on car_scene002 (Stanford-ORB), shown for two training views. Video mode (rows 1 and 3) produces more cross-view consistent G-buffers but at the cost of spatial sharp￾ness; image mode (rows 2 and 4) yields sharper per-view predictions. mode also improves Diffusion-BP relighting PSNR-L over image mode (33.09 vs. 32.67). C Additional I… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Qualitative Stanford-ORB relighting results when replacing DiffusionRenderer with RGB↔X as the upstream model. E Transfer of Our Material Regularization to IRGS To assess whether our regularization transfers beyond our PBIR pipeline, we apply it to IRGS [14], a strong inverse-rendering baseline based on 2D Gaus￾sian splatting with inter-reflective ray tracing. IRGS includes non-data-driven smoothness term… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Synthetic4Relight air_baloons (view 101). JBF material regularization smooths base color and roughness G-buffers, yielding improved relighting quality [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Synthetic4Relight chair (view 111). JBF material regularization smooths base color and roughness G-buffers, yielding improved relighting quality [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Synthetic4Relight hotdog (view 078). JBF material regularization smooths base color and roughness G-buffers, yielding improved relighting quality [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Synthetic4Relight jugs (view 158). JBF material regularization smooths base color and roughness G-buffers, yielding improved relighting quality [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Stanford-ORB cactus_scene005 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Stanford-ORB car_scene002 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Stanford-ORB cup_scene006 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Stanford-ORB grogu_scene003 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Stanford-ORB pitcher_scene001 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_21.png] view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Stanford-ORB baking_scene003 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_22.png] view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Stanford-ORB ball_scene003 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Stanford-ORB blocks_scene005 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_24.png] view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Stanford-ORB chips_scene003 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_25.png] view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: DTC-Synthetic TeaPot_B094FQW6Q4_EmeraldGoldTop_scene002 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_26.png] view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: DTC-Synthetic TeaPot_B084G3K8TD_YellowBlackSunflowers_TU_scene002 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_27.png] view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Synthetic4Relight air_baloons [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_28.png] view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Synthetic4Relight hotdog [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_29.png] view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Synthetic4Relight chair [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_30.png] view at source ↗
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: Synthetic4Relight jugs [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_31.png] view at source ↗
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: Stanford-ORB grogu_scene003 ablation intrinsic comparison [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_32.png] view at source ↗
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: DTC-Synthetic Block_B007GE75HY_RedBlue_scene002 ablation intrinsic com￾parison [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_33.png] view at source ↗
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: Stanford-ORB cup_scene007 scale-invariant ablation intrinsic comparison [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_34.png] view at source ↗
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Stanford-ORB curry_scene001 scale-invariant ablation intrinsic comparison [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_35.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Reconstructing physics-based 3D assets -- geometry, materials, and illumination -- from multi-view images is a core problem in computer graphics and vision, and a prerequisite for realistic relighting and editing. Physics-based inverse rendering offers an accurate image-formation model, but is severely underconstrained: without strong priors, illumination is baked into materials, and reconstructions generalize poorly to novel views and lighting. Data-driven diffusion models, in contrast, predict visually plausible materials, yet their predictions rarely satisfy the rendering equation and are not directly usable for physics-based rendering. We bridge these two paradigms rather than replacing either. Our key idea is to treat the predictions of a state-of-the-art diffusion model not as target material values but as a similarity kernel for optimization: we introduce a regularization loss that penalizes deviations in the optimized material over surface regions where the diffusion predictions are near-constant, while leaving the optimization free to match the input images. Built on this regularizer, our end-to-end pipeline jointly reconstructs geometry, materials, and illumination, yielding high-quality assets that drop into standard rendering pipelines and relight faithfully. On the Synthetic4Relight, Stanford-ORB, and DTC-Synthetic datasets, our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both reconstruction accuracy and relighting quality.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes treating predictions from a pretrained diffusion model as a similarity kernel (rather than hard targets) for regularizing material parameters during physics-based inverse rendering optimization. The regularization penalizes material deviations only over surface regions where diffusion outputs are near-constant, leaving the data term free to enforce consistency with the image-formation model. An end-to-end pipeline jointly optimizes geometry, materials, and illumination from multi-view images; the resulting assets are claimed to relight faithfully in standard renderers. Quantitative and qualitative improvements are reported over baselines on Synthetic4Relight, Stanford-ORB, and DTC-Synthetic.

Significance. If the regularization mechanism proves robust, the work offers a principled route to combine data-driven material priors with physical image formation without replacing either paradigm. The explicit design choice to avoid hard targets mitigates a common source of inconsistency in hybrid inverse-rendering methods and could improve generalization to novel lighting. The multi-dataset evaluation and emphasis on drop-in compatibility with existing pipelines are practical strengths.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3] §3 (Method), regularization loss definition: the precise condition for 'near-constant' diffusion predictions and the weighting schedule between the regularization term and the rendering loss must be stated explicitly (including any thresholds or adaptive mechanisms). Without this, it is impossible to verify that the kernel does not systematically conflict with the data term on the claimed datasets.
  2. [§4] §4 (Experiments), Table 2 and relighting metrics: the reported gains in PSNR/SSIM for novel lighting must be accompanied by per-scene variance and statistical significance tests; otherwise the cross-dataset superiority claim rests on aggregate numbers whose reliability cannot be assessed.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figure 3] Figure 3 caption and §4.1: clarify whether the diffusion model is frozen throughout optimization or fine-tuned on any of the evaluation scenes.
  2. [§2] Related-work section: the discussion of prior diffusion-based inverse-rendering methods should cite the specific architectural differences that motivate the similarity-kernel formulation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments and the recommendation of minor revision. We address each major comment below and will incorporate the requested clarifications and additional analyses into the revised manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (Method), regularization loss definition: the precise condition for 'near-constant' diffusion predictions and the weighting schedule between the regularization term and the rendering loss must be stated explicitly (including any thresholds or adaptive mechanisms). Without this, it is impossible to verify that the kernel does not systematically conflict with the data term on the claimed datasets.

    Authors: We agree that the current description in §3 is insufficiently precise. The revised manuscript will explicitly define the near-constant condition (regions where the per-pixel variance of the diffusion model outputs across an ensemble of samples falls below a fixed threshold) and will state the exact weighting schedule between the regularization term and the rendering loss, including the value of the balancing hyperparameter and whether it is held constant or adapted during optimization. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§4] §4 (Experiments), Table 2 and relighting metrics: the reported gains in PSNR/SSIM for novel lighting must be accompanied by per-scene variance and statistical significance tests; otherwise the cross-dataset superiority claim rests on aggregate numbers whose reliability cannot be assessed.

    Authors: We acknowledge that aggregate metrics alone are insufficient to support the superiority claims. The revised version will augment Table 2 (and the corresponding relighting tables) with per-scene means and standard deviations, and will report the results of paired statistical significance tests (e.g., Wilcoxon signed-rank or t-tests) across scenes for each dataset. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper's core mechanism defines a regularization loss that treats an external pretrained diffusion model's per-pixel outputs strictly as a similarity kernel (penalizing deviations only where predictions are near-constant) while leaving the data term free to enforce rendering consistency. No equation or claim reduces a derived quantity to the authors' own fitted parameters, self-citations, or ansatzes imported from prior work by the same authors. The pipeline jointly optimizes geometry, materials, and illumination using this external kernel plus the image-formation model, with no self-definitional, fitted-input-called-prediction, or uniqueness-imported steps evident. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated.

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discussion (0)

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