Credential Control Balance: A Universal Blockchain Account Model Abstract From Bank to Bitcoin, Ethereum External Owned Account and Account Abstraction

Blockchain market value peaked at $3 trillion, fell to $1 trillion, then recovered to $1.5 trillion and is rising again. Blockchain accounts secure most on-chain assets in this huge market (Web-12). This paper initiates a universal blockchain account model from a comprehensive review of blockchain account development, encompassing both academic and industry perspectives. This paper uses a model analysis method to analysis the account progress and create high level new account model. And it uses systematic literature review method to search, filter, analysis and evaluate the papers about account models and analyzes related technology trade-offs. Searching with key words: blockchain, account, private key and security in WOS, Scopus and Bitcoin and Ethereum community repositories, this research provides in-depth insights into the design and evaluation of account models, from traditional bank accounts to Bitcoin, EVM-adaptable, and abstraction accounts. Through data-driven comparisons of account models (security, cost, adoption), this study also explores future directions and provides an overview of cross-model account theory, guiding further blockchain research. This paper leaves deeper dives into model change drivers, application technology advancements.