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A "breathing'' octupole $^{208}$Pb nucleus: resolving the elliptical-to-triangular azimuthal anisotropy puzzle in ultracentral relativistic heavy ion collisions

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arxiv 2504.19644 v2 pith:XLTUR323 submitted 2025-04-28 nucl-th nucl-ex

Hao-jie Xu , Duoduo Xu , Shujun Zhao , Wenbin Zhao , Huichao Song , Fuqiang Wang This is my paper
classification nucl-thnucl-ex
keywords collisionspuzzlerelativisticanisotropieselliptical-to-triangularheavyhydrodynamicinitial
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abstract

Relativistic heavy ion collisions provide a unique opportunity to probe the nuclear structure by taking an instantaneous snapshot of the colliding nuclei and converting it into momentum anisotropies of final emitted hadrons. A long-standing puzzle of too large a ratio of the elliptical-to-triangular ($v_{2}$-to-$v_{3}$) anisotropies in ultracentral $^{208}$Pb+$^{208}$Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) cannot be solved simply by hydrodynamic simulations with initial conditions containing the spherical or certain deformed shape of $^{208}$Pb. In this Letter, using the iEBE-VISHNU relativistic viscous hydrodynamic hybrid model simulations with the Trento initial condition, we show that a dynamic octupole deformation--a shape-breathing of $^{208}$Pb --could potentially solve the $v_{2}$-to-$v_{3}$ puzzle and simultaneously describe the $v_3\{4\}$ data measured in experiment. Our results highlight the unique capability of capturing transient collective properties of nuclei on yoctosecond ($10^{-24}$~s) timescales, unfeasible with low-energy nuclear reactions.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

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    Bayesian global fit to Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb LHC data infers nearly maximal triaxiality for the 129Xe ground state and extracts two- and three-particle correlations.

  2. Study the Longitudinal Entropy Deposition using d+Au Collision

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    A 3D entropy deposition model with β≈0.35 and n_BC-dependent rapidity loss, plus ab initio deuteron sampling, reproduces d+Au dNch/dη, spectra, and vn and transfers to p+Au, 3He+Au, and Au+Au.

  3. Nonlinear collective flow reveals the breakdown of quadrupole--hexadecapole scaling in heavy ion collisions

    nucl-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    The nonlinear flow coefficient ξ6,222 in simulated U+U collisions separates the four (β2, β4) nuclear topology classes, making the sign of the hexadecapole deformation β4 experimentally accessible.

  4. Scaling approach to rigid and soft nuclear deformation through flow fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions

    nucl-th 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Triangular flow four-particle cumulants scale linearly with the fourth moment of octupole deformation, allowing the mean and variance of 238U octupole deformation to be extracted separately.

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