Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 100 of 127 outbound references and 3 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2511.20272.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2511.20272 v2

Coverage vector

measured 100 of 127 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:07.705686Z

measured 103 of 103 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00

measured 3 of 3 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-03T16:37:06.384435Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-03T16:38:39.619743Z

Reference resolution

100 of 127 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy0
unresolved100
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1c2785ed-4cd7-488a-8e38-8df42133fc3d · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:22:59.834670Z

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Observation 0e4113ed-1a88-4f11-bed2-153b4d47d61b · outbound

This paper cites On seeing stuff: The perception of materials by humans and machines.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs On seeing stuff: The perception of materials by humans and machines

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:22:59.937363Z

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Observation 40d649dd-1e16-41bd-ad37-01207a4f42b5 · outbound

This paper cites Vqa: Visual question answering.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Vqa: Visual question answering

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.093535Z

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Observation d19b8ecb-31a9-4742-8a73-f796e7c8d198 · outbound

This paper cites Eye-contact, distance and affiliation.Sociometry, pages 289–304, 1965.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Eye-contact, distance and affiliation.Sociometry, pages 289–304, 1965

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.331240Z

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Observation 14fda1d8-9815-4d28-9671-ecacd20eb630 · outbound

This paper cites Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.406527Z

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Observation 1dae183b-ab4f-4652-9b30-8dcee8737c6d · outbound

This paper cites Representing the existence and the lo- cation of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6-and 8- month-old infants.Cognition, 23(1):21–41, 1986.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Representing the existence and the lo- cation of hidden objects: Object permanence in 6-and 8- month-old infants.Cognition, 23(1):21–41, 1986

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.484396Z

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Observation c53a5db6-45f7-4cc0-8170-3321c28fdfa7 · outbound

This paper cites theory of mind.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs theory of mind

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.572585Z

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Observation 858ff559-25c1-4076-bb04-fd8184e2384b · outbound

This paper cites ARKitScenes: A Diverse Real-World Dataset For 3D Indoor Scene Understanding Using Mobile RGB-D Data.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs ARKitScenes: A Diverse Real-World Dataset For 3D Indoor Scene Understanding Using Mobile RGB-D Data

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.688451Z

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Observation 98860f4a-b3b8-4ce3-91d0-263f87216e4c · outbound

This paper cites IntPhys 2: Benchmarking Intuitive Physics Understanding In Complex Synthetic Environments.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs IntPhys 2: Benchmarking Intuitive Physics Understanding In Complex Synthetic Environments

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.771656Z

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Observation 0d473e7b-2837-4ab2-b10e-58c29a3aeabb · outbound

This paper cites Routledge, 1995.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Routledge, 1995

Reference 10

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Observation 0c586aa5-8c9d-4252-b923-e4201d3f038e · outbound

This paper cites Activitynet: A large-scale video benchmark for human activity understanding.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Activitynet: A large-scale video benchmark for human activity understanding

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.937721Z

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Observation 4715a1fd-4758-4444-81f4-330e1b44d5c2 · outbound

This paper cites Rextime: A benchmark suite for reasoning-across-time in videos.Advances in Neural In- formation Processing Systems, 37:28662–28673, 2024.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Rextime: A benchmark suite for reasoning-across-time in videos.Advances in Neural In- formation Processing Systems, 37:28662–28673, 2024

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:00.971832Z

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Observation f61da4e4-5d2f-474c-8887-1cd84e193873 · outbound

This paper cites Are we on the right way for evaluating large vision-language models?Advances in Neural Infor- mation Processing Systems, 37:27056–27087, 2024.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Are we on the right way for evaluating large vision-language models?Advances in Neural Infor- mation Processing Systems, 37:27056–27087, 2024

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.064028Z

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Observation 96d07928-9fd3-4a1b-a2cd-89e6c7c79f24 · outbound

This paper cites Video-holmes: Can mllm think like holmes for complex video reasoning?, 2025.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Video-holmes: Can mllm think like holmes for complex video reasoning?, 2025

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.175032Z

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Observation ed3b046b-4305-4e84-b01a-dee2201bcd7b · outbound

This paper cites VideoLLaMA 2: Advancing Spatial-Temporal Modeling and Audio Understanding in Video-LLMs.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs VideoLLaMA 2: Advancing Spatial-Temporal Modeling and Audio Understanding in Video-LLMs

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.290978Z

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Observation cbe8be57-de9b-4f62-8e83-9a4890fa0284 · outbound

This paper cites Le, Sergey Levine, and Yi Ma.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Le, Sergey Levine, and Yi Ma

Reference 16

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Observation f2bc5c7d-9545-4df6-9dde-7ab60c9cf8a1 · outbound

This paper cites Whatever next? predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.Behavioral and brain sciences, 36(3):181–204, 2013.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Whatever next? predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.Behavioral and brain sciences, 36(3):181–204, 2013

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.472386Z

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Observation 7e7f228a-2550-4553-9916-365f8ead4e66 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.531512Z

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Observation 5223b74d-761a-450a-9ae5-af8fed1c7b9a · outbound

This paper cites Instructblip: Towards general- purpose vision-language models with instruction tuning.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Instructblip: Towards general- purpose vision-language models with instruction tuning

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.579499Z

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Observation ca6d9e86-e844-4883-b7c6-7f82d5ec0538 · outbound

This paper cites MIT press, 1987.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs MIT press, 1987

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.643970Z

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Observation 35bb7093-aff4-45a3-ba58-47c1837078ba · outbound

This paper cites The llama 3 herd of models.arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv–2407,.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs The llama 3 herd of models.arXiv e-prints, pages arXiv–2407,

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.727373Z

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Observation 049c5852-561a-4b6b-9c0a-9ad9ce89d05c · outbound

This paper cites An argument for basic emotions.Cognition & emotion, 6(3-4):169–200, 1992.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs An argument for basic emotions.Cognition & emotion, 6(3-4):169–200, 1992

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.812885Z

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Observation 15443549-ad36-4cf8-a9df-f10b57c5db37 · outbound

This paper cites Unreal engine.https : / / www.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Unreal engine.https : / / www

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.869913Z

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Observation 0141789d-b487-475d-867e-941fac8706f2 · outbound

This paper cites Video-R1: Reinforcing Video Reasoning in MLLMs.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Video-R1: Reinforcing Video Reasoning in MLLMs

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:01.923190Z

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Observation df25d2c5-5169-468f-a084-b69b1fc46b41 · outbound

This paper cites Material perception.Annual review of vision science, 3:365–388, 2017.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Material perception.Annual review of vision science, 3:365–388, 2017

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.003342Z

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Observation 6163625b-6a14-42e8-8f7b-afdba3cc4faf · outbound

This paper cites The free-energy principle: a unified brain the- ory?Nature reviews neuroscience, 11(2):127–138, 2010.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs The free-energy principle: a unified brain the- ory?Nature reviews neuroscience, 11(2):127–138, 2010

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.033703Z

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Observation 9948e519-a3c9-4ab7-a4cc-a60d18381849 · outbound

This paper cites Video-mme: The first-ever comprehensive evaluation benchmark of multi-modal llms in video analysis.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Video-mme: The first-ever comprehensive evaluation benchmark of multi-modal llms in video analysis

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.091017Z

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Observation 2f5062b3-88b0-4b28-bca1-026698eb8739 · outbound

This paper cites Blink: Multimodal large language models can see but not perceive.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Blink: Multimodal large language models can see but not perceive

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.138277Z

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Observation a30fc0d5-5e85-45b8-9ccc-84d95dcfeaf0 · outbound

This paper cites Atomistic Control in Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulator MnBi2Te4.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Atomistic Control in Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulator MnBi2Te4

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.182852Z

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Observation b3b05772-dd96-409b-b6e7-3cbca0d93443 · outbound

This paper cites Houghton Mifflin, 1979.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Houghton Mifflin, 1979

Reference 30

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Observation 37ef0134-653e-4edd-bef5-ff46717a1752 · outbound

This paper cites The” something something” video database for learning and evaluating visual common sense.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs The” something something” video database for learning and evaluating visual common sense

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.321899Z

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Observation f3e67a5c-82eb-49a4-b17f-4932b2dacfb9 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.394429Z

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Observation 0cba16a0-eb5e-4666-88cf-e2a04c2e0cf4 · outbound

This paper cites Hallusionbench: an advanced diagnostic suite for entangled language halluci- nation and visual illusion in large vision-language models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Hallusionbench: an advanced diagnostic suite for entangled language halluci- nation and visual illusion in large vision-language models

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.480865Z

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Observation 6411cd8f-eded-43a2-b78b-3cae95e7e5d4 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.549143Z

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Observation dc1af7d2-65d2-48c4-8ed2-51d6db7532a2 · outbound

This paper cites Doubleday, 1966.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Doubleday, 1966

Reference 35

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Observation 10724494-018f-430d-935e-7415a1293efd · outbound

This paper cites Glm-4.1 v-thinking: Towards versatile multimodal reasoning with scalable reinforcement learning.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Glm-4.1 v-thinking: Towards versatile multimodal reasoning with scalable reinforcement learning

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.726794Z

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Observation f56e9cb6-14ad-429a-82cd-1483b68685bf · outbound

This paper cites Vision-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in Multimodal Large Language Models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Vision-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in Multimodal Large Language Models

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.778666Z

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Observation 5f8a72b2-eb6f-47ee-9d55-dd7ae9dce488 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs GPT-4o System Card

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:02.877204Z

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Observation 678d0199-f37c-47c2-98c6-88ad754fba18 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.044818Z

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Observation da0fb4f2-cd52-41d2-a5f9-f584920f3438 · outbound

This paper cites From CLIP to DINO: Visual Encoders Shout in Multi-modal Large Language Models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs From CLIP to DINO: Visual Encoders Shout in Multi-modal Large Language Models

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.179935Z

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Observation f9851049-ad81-41e2-94d3-c00edd3d4bf3 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Social AI: A Survey on Understanding Social Interactions.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Towards Social AI: A Survey on Understanding Social Interactions

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.378338Z

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Observation d511dc7e-7895-4907-9c2b-c3b73d49c0dd · outbound

This paper cites What is More Likely to Happen Next? Video-and-Language Future Event Prediction.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs What is More Likely to Happen Next? Video-and-Language Future Event Prediction

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.468092Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6f908d3f-9d90-465a-9c6f-a5905c14acff · outbound

This paper cites Detecting mo- ments and highlights in videos via natural language queries.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Detecting mo- ments and highlights in videos via natural language queries

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.619120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 224dc2ff-e5db-4249-bfec-2fe6ff741b00 · outbound

This paper cites Anisotropic flow, flow fluctuation and flow decorrelation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions: the roles of sub-nucleon structure and shear viscosity.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Anisotropic flow, flow fluctuation and flow decorrelation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions: the roles of sub-nucleon structure and shear viscosity

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:03.810455Z

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Observation fd73e304-7c6a-4557-b36c-1e76ed112956 · outbound

This paper cites LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfer.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfer

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.031544Z

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Observation cf5d0930-c3d0-443f-a63d-92be2ecef23d · outbound

This paper cites From represen- tation to reasoning: Towards both evidence and common- sense reasoning for video question-answering.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs From represen- tation to reasoning: Towards both evidence and common- sense reasoning for video question-answering

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.223426Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f72b758d-fcdf-49d2-b4ba-33bbc058f01c · outbound

This paper cites Mvbench: A comprehensive multi-modal video under- standing benchmark.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Mvbench: A comprehensive multi-modal video under- standing benchmark

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.327558Z

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Observation 4fc421a3-3b21-4ed9-bdc0-1e7dec310b92 · outbound

This paper cites Pope: A simple method to hallucination eval- uation in visual question answering.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Pope: A simple method to hallucination eval- uation in visual question answering

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.422362Z

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Observation 278caf4c-6ebd-4563-beb2-ea12b21b56cc · outbound

This paper cites VideoChat-R1: Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Perception via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs VideoChat-R1: Enhancing Spatio-Temporal Perception via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.532245Z

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Observation f1a887c0-7353-4b9f-bf56-c24768bc63e2 · outbound

This paper cites Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Models

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.626496Z

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Observation 9ea4dfa3-11d9-4158-9b50-b17e8074ccdc · outbound

This paper cites Self-Rewarding Vision-Language Model via Reasoning Decomposition.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Self-Rewarding Vision-Language Model via Reasoning Decomposition

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.725008Z

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Observation a7619fe7-b755-48d1-89b7-3d73dba6fe7b · outbound

This paper cites Explainable Multimodal Emotion Recognition.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Explainable Multimodal Emotion Recognition

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.826214Z

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Observation b4d6e639-687f-48bd-b459-b9d41f707997 · outbound

This paper cites Improved Visual-Spatial Reasoning via R1-Zero-Like Training.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Improved Visual-Spatial Reasoning via R1-Zero-Like Training

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:04.926420Z

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Observation f150adbc-f5dc-46ac-81f6-0a1fa312d5fb · outbound

This paper cites Microsoft coco: Common objects in context.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs Microsoft coco: Common objects in context

Reference 54

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T20:23:05.034079Z

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Observation 9038ad2b-7b01-4e72-b0ee-82aab3cd54fa · outbound

This paper cites SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Models.

VKnowU: Evaluating Visual Knowledge Understanding in Multimodal LLMs SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Models

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Observation 0eb26b62-1cfd-4c03-b18b-baa9752989bb · outbound

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Observation c280d29b-db4e-4c29-98d3-f92a41a34247 · outbound

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