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Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-4

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arxiv 2305.00118 v2 pith:YDC2HOS3 submitted 2023-04-28 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords booksmodelsdataknownarchaeologychatgptgpt-4memorized
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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In this work, we carry out a data archaeology to infer books that are known to ChatGPT and GPT-4 using a name cloze membership inference query. We find that OpenAI models have memorized a wide collection of copyrighted materials, and that the degree of memorization is tied to the frequency with which passages of those books appear on the web. The ability of these models to memorize an unknown set of books complicates assessments of measurement validity for cultural analytics by contaminating test data; we show that models perform much better on memorized books than on non-memorized books for downstream tasks. We argue that this supports a case for open models whose training data is known.

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Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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