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A generalization of the Hawking black hole area theorem

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arxiv 2303.06788 v1 pith:ZEV5VAPR submitted 2023-03-13 gr-qc

classification gr-qc
keywords blackholeconditiontheoremboundenergyareaclassical
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Hawking's black hole area theorem was proven using the null energy condition (NEC), a pointwise condition violated by quantum fields. The violation of the NEC is usually cited as the reason that black hole evaporation is allowed in the context of semiclassical gravity. Here we provide two generalizations of the classical black hole area theorem: First, a proof of the original theorem with an averaged condition, the weakest possible energy condition to prove the theorem using focusing of null geodesics. Second, a proof of an area-type result that allows for the shrinking of the black hole horizon but provides a bound on it. This bound can be translated to a bound on the black hole evaporation rate using a condition inspired from quantum energy inequalities. Finally, we show how our bound can be applied to two cases that violate classical energy conditions.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Hawking area law in quantum gravity

    gr-qc 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Exact Hawking area law from black hole mergers restricts quantum gravity to singular Ricci-flat or specific regular black holes in Stelle and nonlocal theories, derives the standard entropy-area law, and realizes Barr...

  2. Hawking area law in quantum gravity

    gr-qc 2026-04 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    If Hawking's area law is taken as exact, nonlocal and Stelle quantum-gravity theories are forced to drop R^2 and (Riemann)^2 terms (or use singular Ricci-flat black holes), and the standard entropy-area law follows as...

  3. Recent developments in semiclassical gravity

    gr-qc 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

    A short survey of semiclassical gravity advances, with emphasis on the author's own results on the initial value problem and a conjecture that black hole information loss is avoided.

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