Slightly Bimetric Gravitation

J. Brian Pitts (The University of Texas at Austin); W. C. Schieve (The University of Texas at Austin)

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Slightly Bimetric Gravitation

J. Brian Pitts (The University of Texas at Austin), W. C. Schieve (The University of Texas at Austin)

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Submitted 16 Jan 2001

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The theories are equivalent to generally covariant theories with an arbitrary cosmological constant and an arbitrarily coupled scalar field, which can serve as an inflaton or dark matter.

how it is stated · asserted 0.94 read the record →

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arXiv IDgr-qc/0101058 (version 3)

Pith ID6CR5BYRK, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationJ. Brian Pitts (The University of Texas at Austin), W. C. Schieve (The University of Texas at Austin). "Slightly Bimetric Gravitation." arXiv:gr-qc/0101058 (2001). https://pith.science/paper/6CR5BYRK

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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,956 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.50 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.03 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.03 · compares with prior results 0.82 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v3. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

The inclusion of a flat metric tensor in gravitation permits the formulation of a gravitational stress-energy tensor and the formal derivation of general relativity from a linear theory in flat spacetime. Building on the works of Kraichnan and Deser, we present such a derivation using universal coupling and gauge invariance. Next we slightly weaken the assumptions of universal coupling and gauge invariance, obtaining a larger ``slightly bimetric'' class of theories, in which the Euler-Lagrange equations depend only on a curved metric, matter fields, and the determinant of the flat metric. The theories are equivalent to generally covariant theories with an arbitrary cosmological constant and an arbitrarily coupled scalar field, which can serve as an inflaton or dark matter. The question of the consistency of the null cone structures of the two metrics is addressed. A difficulty for Logunov's massive gravitation on this front is noted.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	The inclusion of a flat metric tensor in gravitation permits the formulation of a gravitational stress-energy tensor and the formal derivation of general relativity from a linear theory in flat spacetime.	background 1.00	0.12	0.12	asserted 0.92
s1	Building on the works of Kraichnan and Deser, we present such a derivation using universal coupling and gauge invariance.	contribution 0.76	0.83	0.05	asserted 0.99
s2	Next we slightly weaken the assumptions of universal coupling and gauge invariance, obtaining a larger ``slightly bimetric'' class of theories, in which the Euler-Lagrange equations depend only on a curved metric, matter fields, and the determinant of the flat metric.	contribution 0.97	0.94	0.24	asserted 1.00
s3	The theories are equivalent to generally covariant theories with an arbitrary cosmological constant and an arbitrarily coupled scalar field, which can serve as an inflaton or dark matter.	result 0.76	0.81	0.60	asserted 0.94
s4	The question of the consistency of the null cone structures of the two metrics is addressed.	contribution 0.93	0.67	0.03	unclear 0.68
s5	A difficulty for Logunov's massive gravitation on this front is noted.	result 0.53	0.52	0.03	asserted 0.92

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v3

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

The inclusion of a flat metric tensor in gravitation permits the formulation of a gravitational stress-energy tensor and the formal derivation of general relativity from a linear theory in flat spacetime. Building on the works of Kraichnan and Deser, we present such a derivation using universal coupling and gauge invariance. Next we slightly weaken the assumptions of universal coupling and gauge invariance, obtaining a larger ``slightly bimetric'' class of theories, in which the Euler-Lagrange equations depend only on a curved metric, matter fields, and the determinant of the flat metric. The theories are equivalent to generally covariant theories with an arbitrary cosmological constant and an arbitrarily coupled scalar field, which can serve as an inflaton or dark matter. The question of the consistency of the null cone structures of the two metrics is addressed. A difficulty for Logunov's massive gravitation on this front is noted.

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References

How the literature uses it

10 arXiv papers cite this in 23 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 19 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 1 paper

Furthermore, it represents a generalisation of the result shown in [ref] of the appearance of a global degree of freedom because here we have not specified any particular action to obtain [ref] , thus showing that the appearance of a global degree of freedom is in fact a generic property of TDiff symmetric teleparallel theories, as already noticed in e.g. [ref] .

A class of ghost-free theories in symmetric teleparallel geometry · Symmetries · 0.87

Cites it as support 2 papers

Improper conservation laws follow [ref] : the stress-energy tensor is a piece vanishing on-shell and a curl.

Einstein's Equations for Spin $2$ Mass $0$ from Noether's Converse Hilbertian Assertion · Aristotle on Inferring from Improper Conservation Laws to Einstein's Equations · 0.96
The massless spin $2$ derivations of Einstein's equations from flat space-time would eventually [ref] show why it might not be unreasonable to favor universal forces even given Einstein's equations because it isn't implausible that gravity would act in just that way without any peculiar premises.

Kant, Schlick and Friedman on Space, Time and Gravity in Light of Three Lessons from Particle Physics · Lindemann's Challenge, Answered · 0.96

Cites it as background 1 paper

Our HBP has ties with other attempts in the literature to construct special relativistic theories of gravitation [ref] .

Cone hierarchy and the screening of matter by gravity · Introduction · 0.88

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