Pseudotensors and quasilocal energy-momentum

C.C. Chang; C.M. Chen (Moscow State U.); J.M. Nester (Nat. Central U.)

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Pseudotensors and quasilocal energy-momentum

C.C. Chang, J.M. Nester (Nat. Central U.), C.M. Chen (Moscow State U.)

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Submitted 10 Sep 1998

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The authors' main claim Hence they are quasilocal and acceptable; each is the energy-momentum density for a definite physical situation with certain boundary conditions.

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arXiv IDgr-qc/9809040 (version 2)

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CitationC.C. Chang, C.M. Chen (Moscow State U.), J.M. Nester (Nat. Central U.). "Pseudotensors and quasilocal energy-momentum." arXiv:gr-qc/9809040 (1998). https://pith.science/paper/R2JQWKFK

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What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.10 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.01 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.03 · compares with prior results 0.62 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

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Early energy-momentum investigations for gravitating systems gave reference frame dependent pseudotensors; later the quasilocal idea was developed. Quasilocal energy-momentum can be determined by the Hamiltonian boundary term, which also identifies the variables to be held fixed on the boundary. We show that a pseudotensor corresponds to a Hamiltonian boundary term. Hence they are quasilocal and acceptable; each is the energy-momentum density for a definite physical situation with certain boundary conditions. These conditions are identified for well-known pseudotensors.

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#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Early energy-momentum investigations for gravitating systems gave reference frame dependent pseudotensors; later the quasilocal idea was developed.	background 1.00	0.03	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	Quasilocal energy-momentum can be determined by the Hamiltonian boundary term, which also identifies the variables to be held fixed on the boundary.	background 0.89	0.13	0.09	asserted 0.99
s2	We show that a pseudotensor corresponds to a Hamiltonian boundary term.	result 0.62	0.92	0.55	asserted 1.00
s3	Hence they are quasilocal and acceptable; each is the energy-momentum density for a definite physical situation with certain boundary conditions.	interpretation 0.96	0.67	0.70	asserted 1.00
s4	These conditions are identified for well-known pseudotensors.	contribution 0.73	0.81	0.06	asserted 0.99

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.98 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.92.

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arXiv listing abstract v2

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The paper

Original abstract

Early energy-momentum investigations for gravitating systems gave reference frame dependent pseudotensors; later the quasilocal idea was developed. Quasilocal energy-momentum can be determined by the Hamiltonian boundary term, which also identifies the variables to be held fixed on the boundary. We show that a pseudotensor corresponds to a Hamiltonian boundary term. Hence they are quasilocal and acceptable; each is the energy-momentum density for a definite physical situation with certain boundary conditions. These conditions are identified for well-known pseudotensors.

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References

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Hamiltonian surface charges in General Parallel Relativity
gr-qc 2026-10 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

Quasi-local energy-momentum and horizon entropy are derived as Hamiltonian surface charges in General Parallel Relativity, and applied to Reissner-Nordström and dilatonic black holes.
Angular momentum of vacuum bubbles in a first-order phase transition
hep-ph 2025-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

Computes the dimensionless spin parameter s = J/(G_N M^2) of false vacuum bubbles from density and velocity perturbations in FOPTs, yielding values from O(10^{-5}) to O(10) and a scaling relation with FOPT timescale, ...
General Relativity, Mental Causation, and Energy Conservation
physics.hist-ph 2019-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

General Relativity, through the generalized Bianchi identities, forces the simplest scalar form of Cartesian mental influence to be constant and therefore zero, so it resists rather than enables mental causation.
Symmetries and conservation laws in Lagrangian gauge theories with applications to the mechanics of black holes and to gravity in three dimensions
hep-th 2007-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A cohomological surface-charge formalism yields the first law of black-hole mechanics for Einstein gravity coupled to matter and classifies asymptotic charges in three-dimensional gravity.

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13 arXiv papers cite this in 13 sentences

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Papers whose main result relates to this one's

Found among the papers closest to this one by title and main claim. Pith's classifier compared each pair's main results and a second model family confirmed the relation; checked against two further families, shown conflicts agreed 118 times in 120 and shown same results 218 times in 239. The quoted sentence is the other paper's main claim.

States the same result 1 paper

We found that superpotentials can serve as Hamiltonian boundary terms, consequently pseudotensors are actually quasilocal and legitimate.

Energy-Momentum (Quasi-)Localization for Gravitating Systems · 0.97

Papers citing it · 9 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as background 4 papers

Chang, Nester and Chen found a natural quasilocal Hamiltonian interpretation of the pseudotensor [ref] .

On the energy of gravitational waves · Introduction · 0.84
The controversial point about the concept of energy localization [ref] is the origin of a long-standing discussion on the energy and momentum carried by a gravitational wave.

Trapping of Nonlinear Gravitational Waves by Two-Fluid Systems · Introduction · 0.98
Note that quasi-local methods present a modern point of view on pseudo-tensors [ref] .

Symmetries and conservation laws in Lagrangian gauge theories with applications to the mechanics of black holes and to gravity in three dimensions · Puzzles in gauge theories · 0.84

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