Distorting the Hump-backed Plateau of Jets with Dense QCD Matter

Nicolas Borghini; Urs Achim Wiedemann

REVIEW

Distorting the Hump-backed Plateau of Jets with Dense QCD Matter

Nicolas Borghini, Urs Achim Wiedemann

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 22 Jun 2005 · 24 references

Pith's verdict: A genuine methodological step — medium enhancement inside the MLLA evolution — but the headline 'implies a characteristic distortion' is stronger than a constant-f_med model that already misses the pT-dependence of R_AA can support.

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arXiv IDhep-ph/0506218 (version 1)

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CitationNicolas Borghini, Urs Achim Wiedemann. "Distorting the Hump-backed Plateau of Jets with Dense QCD Matter." arXiv:hep-ph/0506218 (2005). https://pith.science/paper/4FDQVLR3

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Editor's note

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Borghini and Wiedemann take a real step here: they put medium-induced parton splitting into the MLLA evolution equation itself, rather than bolting a P(ΔE) energy-loss distribution onto a vacuum fragmentation function. Every branching, leading and subleading, is treated the same way, energy-momentum is conserved locally at each splitting, and all branchings run down to the same hadronic scale. For jet-quenching phenomenology that is a genuine improvement over Eq. (5), and the paper is clear about why it matters for dN/dξ. The comparison to TASSO and OPAL in Fig. 1 is a sensible sanity check on the vacuum baseline, and the limitations section is unusually candid for this literature — the 1/τ corrections, the KKP comparison, the missing nuclear geometry, and the unproven angular-ordering assumption for medium-induced interference are all stated rather than buried. That counts for something. The soft spot is the one the stress-test names, and it is real. The distortion in Fig. 1 is computed with a constant f_med ≈ 0.8, fixed by matching the magnitude of R_AA ≈ 0.2. But Fig. 2 shows that same constant-f_med model predicts R_AA falling with pT, while the data are flat. The authors see this and say a Q²-dependent f_med would fix it — but they cannot solve Eq. (1) for that case and defer it to a planned MC study. So the abstract's 'implies a characteristic distortion' is stronger than the calculation supports: what is shown is that one particular constant-f_med model produces a distortion, and that model already misses the pT-dependence of the data it is calibrated to. If f_med falls with Q², the E_jet = 100 GeV curve in Fig. 1 would be less distorted than drawn, and the pT_cut numbers in Fig. 3 would move. That said, the qualitative picture — softening at large x, shift of the maximum to smaller ξ, extra soft multiplicity buried under background at RHIC energies — is likely robust to the details of f_med, because any mechanism that moves energy from hard to soft does that. The quantitative pT_cut,crit values are the fragile part. Minor: the KKP comparison is asserted with 'data not shown,' and the 1/τ corrections (30% RHIC, 15% LHC) are stated but not propagated into the figures. Neither is fatal. Who should read it: people working on jet quenching, MLLA, or jet substructure in heavy-ion collisions. It is a useful methodological paper with an honest limitations section, and it sets up a concrete MC program. I'd send it to referees — the questions it raises are the right ones, even if the headline claim is oversold by a notch.

Referee report

Major objections (3)

[Abstract, sentence 3; Fig. 1; Fig. 3] The abstract states that the observed suppression 'implies a characteristic distortion of the hump-backed plateau', but the distortion in Fig. 1 and the p_T,crit values in Fig. 3 are computed with a constant f_med = 0.8. Fig. 2 shows that this constant-f_med model predicts a decreasing R_AA(p_T) while the data are approximately flat, and the paper itself invokes a Q²-dependent f_med to reconcile the two. If f_med decreases with Q², the effective f_med at Q ~ 100 GeV (relevant for the LHC curves) would be smaller than at Q ~ 7 GeV, and the predicted distortion and p_T,crit would be correspondingly reduced. The paper should either quantify this sensitivity, for example by showing Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 for f_med ∝ 1/Q² or for a factor-two smaller f_med at 100 GeV, or soften 'implies' to 'predicts within this model'.
[Section beginning 'To determine R_AA...' (KKP comparison)] The justification for using the MLLA fragmentation function to compute R_AA rests on a comparison with the KKP parametrization that is reported only as 'data not shown'. The relevant range 0.4 < x < 0.9 is precisely where the MLLA is least reliable, so this comparison is load-bearing. The comparison should be shown (a figure or a table), and the propagated uncertainty on R_AA, and hence on the inferred f_med, should be quantified. A 30% difference in D(x,Q²) is not obviously negligible when the inferred f_med controls the size of the predicted distortion.
[Eq. (4) and the preceding paragraph] The ansatz that all singular parts of P_gg, P_qg and P_qq are enhanced by the same factor (1+f_med) is motivated by approximating ω dI_med/dω as a constant over the relevant soft-ω range. Refs. [19,20] actually give ω dI_med/dω ∝ 1/√ω for soft multiple scattering and ∝ 1/ω for a single hard transfer, so the constant form is a model choice rather than a derived result. The paper should state over what ω range the approximation is justified and estimate how the predicted distortion changes if, for instance, only the soft-gluon singular terms are enhanced or if the enhancement carries the medium-induced color factor. This is a correctness-risk concern about the robustness of the central prediction, not a demand for a first-principles derivation.

Minor objections (7)

[Fig. 1 caption] Clarify that the 'in medium' curves are not fits to the TASSO/OPAL data but are computed with f_med = 0.8, and that E_jet = √s/2 for the data points.
[Eq. (2)] State the '+' prescription explicitly for the singular term in P_qq, since the definition of Φ_qq(ν) depends on it.
[Eq. (1) and the paragraph following it] State the value of α_s used and whether it is evaluated at one loop or two loops, together with the value of Λ_QCD.
[Fig. 3] Define p_T,crit precisely (the value at which the medium/vacuum ratio crosses unity) and state in the caption that the plotted quantity is the ratio of medium to vacuum multiplicity above the cut.
[Paragraph beginning 'The lowest Mellin moments...'] The sentence 'the MLLA resums large ξ, τ ~ ξ' should be clarified; presumably it means large ξ and τ with τ ~ ξ.
[Fig. 2 and Ref. [23]] Give the centrality and √s of the PHENIX data shown in Fig. 2, and state in the abstract that the quoted p_T,crit values assume f_med = 0.8.
[Title and author affiliations] The manuscript text contains spacing artifacts (e.g., 'Ma tter' in the title, 'Biel efeld', 'hea vy'); these should be cleaned up in the final version.

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The paper

The paper claims

The paper argues that the factor-five suppression of high-$p_T$ hadrons in central Au-Au collisions implies a measurable distortion of the longitudinal jet fragmentation, with soft fragments pushed below a jet-energy-dependent cut.

The reading

The paper asks whether medium-induced parton energy loss can be folded into the same angular-ordered cascade that explains the hump-backed plateau of jet fragmentation in vacuum (the broad maximum in the distribution of hadron momentum fraction inside a jet), without giving up local energy-momentum conservation at each branching. Its proposal is to multiply the singular parts of all leading-order QCD splitting functions by one common factor $1+f_{med}$, so that leading and subleading branchings feel the medium equally while the non-singular pieces remain as in vacuum. Fixing $f_{med}simeq 0.6$–$0.8$ to reproduce the factor-five suppression of single-inclusive hadrons in central Au-Au collisions at RHIC, the authors compute the resulting distortion: hard fragments are depleted, soft fragments are enhanced, and the plateau maximum moves to softer momenta. They then translate this into a measurement question, finding that the extra soft fragments sit below a transverse-momentum cut that grows with jet energy, about $1.5$ GeV for a $15$ GeV jet and about $7$ GeV for a $200$ GeV jet. The paper also argues that the roughly flat measured $R_{AA}(p_T)$ does not exclude a strong virtuality dependence of the medium effect, because a constant $f_{med}$ in this framework would make $R_{AA}$ fall with $p_T$.

What carries the argument

The machinery is the modified leading logarithmic approximation (MLLA) for the single-inclusive fragmentation function $D_i(x,Q^2)$, written as an evolution equation for Mellin moments $M_i(nu,tau)$ with $tau=ln(Q/Lambda_{eff})$ and with angular ordering implemented by the shift $nu->nu+partial/partialtau$. The hump-backed plateau is the distribution $dN/dxi$ versus $xi=ln(E_{jet}/p)$, which rises at small $xi$, peaks, and falls at large $xi$. The medium enters through Eq. (4): the singular $1/(1-z)_+$ and $1/z$ pieces of the leading-order splitting functions are multiplied by $1+f_{med}$, while the non-singular terms are left unchanged. This preserves energy-momentum conservation at every branching and treats all subsequent branchings of softer gluons on the same footing, which is the qualitative difference from jet-quenching models that convolve a vacuum fragmentation function with a probabilistic energy-loss distribution $P(Delta E)$. A local-parton-hadron-duality map converts the parton distribution into hadrons, and a power-law partonic $p_T$ spectrum converts $D(x,Q^2)$ into single-inclusive hadron spectra and $R_{AA}$.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that a single medium-enhancement factor applied to the singular parts of the leading-order splitting functions, inside the MLLA angular-ordered evolution, can account for the observed $R_{AA}simeq 0.2$ in central Au-Au collisions and predict the shape of the medium-modified longitudinal jet distribution. With $f_{med}simeq 0.8$, the calculation gives a characteristic distortion of the hump-backed plateau: a depletion at small $xi=ln(E_{jet}/p)$, an enhancement at large $xi$, and a shift of the maximum to softer momenta. The same calculation yields a critical transverse-momentum cut below which the additional soft multiplicity is buried in background, rising from about $1.5$ GeV for $E_{jet}=15$ GeV to about $4$ GeV at $100$ GeV and about $7$ GeV at $200$ GeV. The authors further show that a constant $f_{med}$ would produce an $R_{AA}(p_T)$ that decreases with $p_T$, so the approximately flat data may point to a $Q^2$-dependent medium effect rather than to no $Q^2$ dependence at all.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the medium acts as one common multiplicative enhancement of the singular parts of all leading-order splitting functions, with a $Q^2$-independent $f_{med}$ fixed by $R_{AA}$, while angular ordering still controls medium-induced interference.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the model is right, the observed $R_{AA}simeq 0.2$ fixes not only the amount of leading-hadron suppression but also the shape of the medium-modified longitudinal jet distribution, including a depletion at small $xi$ and an enhancement at large $xi$.
The extra soft multiplicity is hidden below a $p_T$ cut that grows with jet energy: about $1.5$ GeV at $15$ GeV, $4$ GeV at $100$ GeV, and $7$ GeV at $200$ GeV, with the total jet multiplicity above the critical cut rising from about $4$ to about $7$.
A flat measured $R_{AA}(p_T)$ is compatible with a $Q^2$-dependent $f_{med}$; a constant $f_{med}$ would instead give a falling $R_{AA}$ with $p_T$, so the data may require medium effects to weaken at high virtuality.
The same angular-ordered framework can be extended to two-particle correlations inside jets and to transverse jet broadening, where a $Q^2$-dependent $f_{med}$ would leave large-angle emission essentially unmodified.
At the LHC, jets above about $100$ GeV offer a kinematic window of $2$–$3$ GeV $<p_T< p_{T,crit}simeq 7$ GeV in which the medium-enhanced soft radiation may be separated from the background.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the medium effect is a higher-twist correction scaling like $L/Q^2$, the distortion should weaken at high jet virtuality; an LHC scan in $E_{jet}$ could distinguish that from a constant rescaling even when $R_{AA}(p_T)$ looks flat.
Because $f_{med}$ should co-vary with the in-medium path length, the depth of the plateau depletion and the size of $R_{AA}$ should correlate across centrality classes; that correlation is a stronger test than either observable alone.
A Monte Carlo implementation with a $Q^2$-dependent $f_{med}$ would let one check whether one parameter set reproduces both single-hadron suppression and the longitudinal jet distribution, and whether the same set predicts the two-particle correlations inside jets.
If angular ordering is the wrong way to organize medium-induced interference, the distortion may not be expressible as a modification of splitting functions at all; comparing vacuum and medium two-particle correlations inside jets would be a direct stress test of that premise.

Original abstract

The hump-backed plateau of the single inclusive distribution of hadrons inside a jet provides a standard test of the interplay between probabilistic parton splitting and quantum coherence in QCD. The medium-induced modification of this QCD radiation physics is expected to give access to the properties of the dense medium produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Here, we introduce a formulation of medium-induced parton energy loss, which treats all leading and subleading parton branchings equally, and which - for showering in the vacuum - accounts for the observed distribution of soft jet fragments. We show that the strong suppression of single inclusive hadron spectra measured in Au-Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) implies a characteristic distortion of the hump-backed plateau; we determine, as a function of jet energy, to what extent the soft jet fragments can be measured above some momentum cut. Our study further indicates that the approximate pT-independence of the measured nuclear modification factor does not exclude a significant Q^2-dependence of parton energy loss.

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The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.06 · states limitation 0.30 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.32 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.17 · compares with prior results 0.66 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

The hump-backed plateau of the single inclusive distribution of hadrons inside a jet provides a standard test of the interplay between probabilistic parton splitting and quantum coherence in QCD. The medium-induced modification of this QCD radiation physics is expected to give access to the properties of the dense medium produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Here, we introduce a formulation of medium-induced parton energy loss, which treats all leading and subleading parton branchings equally, and which - for showering in the vacuum - accounts for the observed distribution of soft jet fragments. We show that the strong suppression of single inclusive hadron spectra measured in Au-Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) implies a characteristic distortion of the hump-backed plateau; we determine, as a function of jet energy, to what extent the soft jet fragments can be measured above some momentum cut. Our study further indicates that the approximate pT-independence of the measured nuclear modification factor does not exclude a significant Q^2-dependence of parton energy loss.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	The hump-backed plateau of the single inclusive distribution of hadrons inside a jet provides a standard test of the interplay between probabilistic parton splitting and quantum coherence in QCD.	background 1.00	0.05	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	The medium-induced modification of this QCD radiation physics is expected to give access to the properties of the dense medium produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions.	background 0.99	0.05	0.04	hedged possibility 0.95
s2	Here, we introduce a formulation of medium-induced parton energy loss, which treats all leading and subleading parton branchings equally, and which - for showering in the vacuum - accounts for the observed distribution of soft jet fragments.	method 0.56	0.92	0.07	asserted 1.00
s3	We show that the strong suppression of single inclusive hadron spectra measured in Au-Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) implies a characteristic distortion of the hump-backed plateau; we determine, as a function of jet energy, to what extent the soft jet fragments can be measured above some momentum cut.	result 0.95	0.93	0.73	asserted 0.98
s4	Our study further indicates that the approximate pT-independence of the measured nuclear modification factor does not exclude a significant Q^2-dependence of parton energy loss.	interpretation 0.80	0.85	0.14	hedged possibility 0.97

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.63 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.63.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

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S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** FIG. 1: The single inclusive hadron distribution as a functi

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3: The change of the total hadronic multiplicity inside

Showing 2 of the paper's 3 figures. See all figures in the PDF ↗ Figures reproduced from arXiv:hep-ph/0506218 by the authors.

References

Works cited (24)

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P. Jacobs and X. N. Wang, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 54, 443 (2005)

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Jet substructure using semi-inclusive jet functions within SCET
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The semi-inclusive fragmenting jet function obeys timelike DGLAP evolution, enabling resummation of jet-radius logarithms and NLO+NLL_R predictions that match LHC jet fragmentation data.
Towards the understanding of jet shapes and cross sections in heavy ion collisions using soft-collinear effective theory
hep-ph 2015-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A soft-collinear effective theory calculation with medium-induced splitting functions reproduces the measured modification of jet shapes and jet cross sections in lead-lead collisions at 2.76 TeV.
Measurement of jet fragmentation into charged particles in pp and PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV
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Jets that survive the dense medium in lead-lead collisions at the LHC share their remaining momentum among high-momentum particles the same way vacuum jets do, within measurement uncertainties.
Q-PYTHIA: a medium-modified implementation of final state radiation
hep-ph 2009-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Adding a BDMPS medium-induced term to PYTHIA's final-state splitting functions produces the expected jet-quenching signatures (leading-particle energy loss, higher intra-jet multiplicity, angular broadening), with ene...
Introductory lectures on jet quenching in heavy ion collisions
hep-ph 2007-12 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

The notes give a step-by-step derivation of medium-induced gluon radiation and review its use, plus AdS/CFT estimates, for extracting the jet-quenching transport coefficient from heavy-ion data.

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Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions
hep-ph 2007-11 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

A pre-data compilation of about one hundred model predictions for heavy ion collisions at the LHC, spanning multiplicities, flow, spectra, jets, heavy quarks, quarkonia, and photons, with the spread between models mad...
QGP@50: More than Four Decades of Jet Quenching
hep-ph 2025-08 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

A historical and technical review of jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions, covering four decades of theory, the RHIC discovery, and modern Bayesian extractions of the jet transport parameter qhat.
Jet Quenching in Heavy Ion Collisions
hep-ph 2009-08 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

Medium-induced parton energy loss, growing parametrically as the square of the in-medium path length, is presented as the leading explanation for the strong suppression of high-momentum particles observed in heavy-ion...
Jet quenching
nucl-ex 2009-02 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

High-momentum hadrons and jets are suppressed by a factor of about five in central gold-gold collisions, and the review argues this suppression quantitatively constrains the density and transport properties of the pro...

How the literature uses it

53 arXiv papers cite this in 95 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers whose main result relates to this one's

Found among the papers closest to this one by title and main claim. Pith's classifier compared each pair's main results and a second model family confirmed the relation; checked against two further families, shown conflicts agreed 118 times in 120 and shown same results 218 times in 239. The quoted sentence is the other paper's main claim.

States the same result 1 paper

We show that the strong suppression of single inclusive hadron spectra measured in Au-Au collisions at RHIC implies a characteristic distortion of the single inclusive distribution of soft partons inside the jet.

Multiplicity distributions for jet parton showers in a medium · 1.00

Papers citing it · 65 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 11 papers

We use a QCD-inspired model introduced by Borghini and Wiedemann (BW) [ref] for the modification of the fragmentation functions (FFs) by the medium where the medium evolution itself is described by a hydrodynamical evolution.

In-medium jet shape from energy collimation in parton showers: Comparison with CMS PbPb data at 2.76 TeV · Introduction · 1.00
([ref]), section [ref]), suggested by Borghini and Wiedemann [ref] .

Jet softening and decollimation in heavy-ion collisions · Toy model for qualitative observations · 0.98
Following the approach proposed in Ref. [ref] , the influence of the medium is modeled as an enhancement of the singular $1/z$ parts of the leading-order parton splitting functions by a constant factor $1+f_med$ (this factor is denoted $N_s$ in Refs. [ref] ): [equation] while the other two splitting functions remain unchanged.

Medium-induced broadening and softening of a parton shower · Introduction · 0.98

Uses its data or values 2 papers

The value $f_med=0.8$, which allows to reproduce a nuclear modification factor $R_AA≈0.2$ [ref] , was adopted for the RHIC energy, while $f_med=1$ was chosen for the higher (LHC) energy.

Medium-induced broadening and softening of a parton shower · Introduction · 0.87
The values of $$ are somehow arbitrary; these numbers were chosen in [ref] in order to reproduce the magnitude of single-inclusive pion suppression data in Au–Au collisions at RHIC.

Collimation of average multiplicity in QCD jets · Medium effects · 0.80

Compares with it 7 papers

The modification to the splitting functions turns out to be quite similar to the one introduced in the BW model [ref] by some prefactor depending on $f_q(p⃗)$ and $f_g(p⃗)$, which affects both the infrared and regular terms of the evolution kernels.

In-medium jet shape from energy collimation in parton showers: Comparison with CMS PbPb data at 2.76 TeV · Introduction · 0.86
The preliminary Au-Au and published data are plotted and compared to the TASSO measurement [ref] and a Modified Leading Logarithmic Approximation (MLLA) in medium prediction [ref] .

Jets and Jet-like Correlations at RHIC · Jets in heavy-ion collisions · 0.99
This dependence is shown in three $$ ranges in the right panel of Fig. [ref], with theory curves from Refs. [ref] .

Study of cold and hot nuclear matter effects on jets with direct photon triggered correlations from PHENIX · Results in d+Au and Au+Au · 0.80

Cites it as support 1 paper

This assumption is in agreement with the findings in [ref] and has been used before in [ref] .

Medium-evolved fragmentation functions · Introduction · 0.99

Cites it as background 6 papers

Generally, there is no agreement in the theory upon the answer to this question, however most of the theoretical models predict a softening of fragmentation functions – suppression at large momenta of fragments, enhancement at small momenta of fragments, and broadening of a jet [ref] .

Jet Quenching at LHC · Jet internal structure · 0.83
Theoretical models of jet quenching predict an effective change of the shape of the fragmentation function due to the change of the parton radiation pattern in the medium [ref] .

Measurement of jet fragmentation into charged particles in pp and PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV · Introduction · 0.82
Within the last decade there has been a near sea change in our understanding of jets, from their clustering algorithms [ref] , the effect of higher orders and resummations [ref] , to the variety of minor effects that influence their modifications in a dense medium [ref] .

Bulk medium evolution has considerable effects on jet observables · Introduction · 0.97

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

[1] [1]

K. Adcox et al. [PHENIX Collaboration], arXiv:nucl-ex/0410003

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[2] [2]

J. Adams et al. [STAR Collaboration], arXiv:nucl-ex/0501009

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[3] [3]

P. Jacobs and X. N. Wang, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 54, 443 (2005)

View on Pith 2005

[4] [4]

R. Baier, D. Schiﬀ and B. G. Zakharov, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50, 37 (2000)

View on Pith 2000

[5] [5]

A. Kovner and U. A. Wiedemann, in “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”, (editors: R.C. Hwa and X.N. Wang, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore), p.192-248, arXiv:hep-ph/0304151

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