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Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles and gauge invariance

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S.I. Nagorny, A.E.L.Dieperink

Nuclear Theory · Submitted 2 Mar 1998

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim It is shown that the definition of off-shell electromagnetic form factors is not gauge invariant and that these cannot be investigated in practice.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv IDnucl-th/9803007 (version 1)
Pith IDNAICNEO5, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationA.E.L.Dieperink, S.I. Nagorny. "Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles and gauge invariance." arXiv:nucl-th/9803007 (1998). https://pith.science/paper/NAICNEO5
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,728 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.77 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.16 · compares with prior results 0.08 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles are discussed on the basis of a purely electromagnetic reaction: virtual Compton scattering off a proton. It is shown that the definition of off-shell electromagnetic form factors is not gauge invariant and that these cannot be investigated in practice. Using only fundamental requirements of gauge invariance it is demonstrated that off-shell effects are cancelled in the longitudinal components of the total conserved current by the minimal contact current, while the off-shellness appears only in the the transverse (gauge invariant) non-pole part. This provides the possibility to introduce an on-shell extrapolated form factor F_1^+(q^2) in a gauge invariant way for the unphysical time-like region, 4m_e^2<q^2, 4M_N^2.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles are discussed on the basis of a purely electromagnetic reaction: virtual Compton scattering off a proton. contribution 0.44 0.51 0.04 asserted 0.92
s1 It is shown that the definition of off-shell electromagnetic form factors is not gauge invariant and that these cannot be investigated in practice. result 0.98 0.86 0.59 asserted 1.00
s2 Using only fundamental requirements of gauge invariance it is demonstrated that off-shell effects are cancelled in the longitudinal components of the total conserved current by the minimal contact current, while the off-shellness appears only in the the transverse (gauge invariant) non-pole part. result 0.91 0.91 0.55 asserted 1.00
s3 This provides the possibility to introduce an on-shell extrapolated form factor F_1^+(q^2) in a gauge invariant way for the unphysical time-like region, 4m_e^2<q^2, 4M_N^2. interpretation 0.48 0.84 0.30 hedged possibility 0.81

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

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  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
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  • P abstract
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  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Electromagnetic properties of off-shell particles are discussed on the basis of a purely electromagnetic reaction: virtual Compton scattering off a proton. It is shown that the definition of off-shell electromagnetic form factors is not gauge invariant and that these cannot be investigated in practice. Using only fundamental requirements of gauge invariance it is demonstrated that off-shell effects are cancelled in the longitudinal components of the total conserved current by the minimal contact current, while the off-shellness appears only in the the transverse (gauge invariant) non-pole part. This provides the possibility to introduce an on-shell extrapolated form factor F_1^+(q^2) in a gauge invariant way for the unphysical time-like region, 4m_e^2<q^2, 4M_N^2.

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