A numerical polology sampler maps ghost- and tachyon-free regions of bosonic EFT coupling spaces and finds new particle branches, including a spin-one mode in general rank-2 tensor theories.
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Freeze-In Production of FIMP Dark Matter
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abstract
We propose an alternate, calculable mechanism of dark matter genesis, "thermal freeze-in," involving a Feebly Interacting Massive Particle (FIMP) interacting so feebly with the thermal bath that it never attains thermal equilibrium. As with the conventional "thermal freeze-out" production mechanism, the relic abundance reflects a combination of initial thermal distributions together with particle masses and couplings that can be measured in the laboratory or astrophysically. The freeze-in yield is IR dominated by low temperatures near the FIMP mass and is independent of unknown UV physics, such as the reheat temperature after inflation. Moduli and modulinos of string theory compactifications that receive mass from weak-scale supersymmetry breaking provide implementations of the freeze-in mechanism, as do models that employ Dirac neutrino masses or GUT-scale-suppressed interactions. Experimental signals of freeze-in and FIMPs can be spectacular, including the production of new metastable coloured or charged particles at the LHC as well as the alteration of big bang nucleosynthesis.
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representative citing papers
A minimal dark matter model with one complex scalar carrying B and L numbers, stabilized by proton stability, with mass near the proton mass and relic density from UV freeze-in.
Derives analytic relic yields for dark matter production in general reheating scenarios parametrized by equation-of-state ω, cooling index α, interaction scale Λ and temperature power n, organized by two critical temperature exponents.
PBH dark matter spans all naturalness tiers, with some mechanisms as natural as WIMPs or freeze-in particles, determined by abundance map structure rather than candidate type.
A 0.233 g silicon athermal phonon detector with 361.5 MeV/c² rms resolution sets the strongest direct-detection limits on dark matter-nucleon cross sections for masses 44–87 MeV/c² after 12 hours of exposure.
Non-supersymmetric spin-3/2 dark matter with baryon-violating portals can explain the relic abundance through UV and Boltzmann-suppressed freeze-in, with viable parameter space constrained by indirect detection, direct detection, and LHC monojet searches.
Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
A Z_N-symmetric multi-copy dark-QCD axion, broken by single-sector reheating, yields natural phantom-crossing dark energy with dark-pion DM in a viable parameter window.
ANTARES Galactic Ridge neutrino observations constrain DM-nucleon elastic scattering cross sections down to keV-scale DM masses via cosmic ray–dark matter deep inelastic scattering.
Presents a tensorized GPU implementation of the 2-to-2 elastic self-collision operator for dark-sector particles and applies it to a two-source freeze-in scenario where self-interactions erase bimodal features.
Astrophysical uncertainties in dark matter halo models produce O(1% to 100%) fractional deviations in predicted single-phonon rates, but can be captured by parameter variations within the Standard Halo Model after rms-matching.
The cS2HDM unifies a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone dark matter candidate with electroweak baryogenesis in a two-Higgs-doublet plus complex singlet setup, featuring naturally suppressed DM-nucleon scattering and CP-violating Higgs interactions under flavour alignment.
Asymmetric reheating in Dark QED produces dark matter via a new channel where DM particles annihilate while still being created by inflaton decay, with the hidden-to-visible temperature ratio tied to the square root of the Yukawa coupling ratio.
Weyl x SU(2)L x U(1)Y gauge theory with quadratic curvature generates Einstein-Hilbert action, Higgs potential, and Standard Model masses via spontaneous Weyl symmetry breaking.
Dirac right-handed neutrinos in a U(1)_{B-L} Z' portal model produce observable ΔN_eff that, together with direct/indirect detection and collider bounds, carves out testable WIMP and FIMP dark-matter regions.
A three-bin E_T^miss analysis of the γ+jets+E_T^miss signature from a two-vector dark-sector EFT probes freeze-out-compatible masses up to roughly m_X1 ~ 900 GeV and m_X2 ~ 2 TeV at 139 fb^{-1}.
Finite size of puffy dark matter is identified as a fundamental factor affecting Sommerfeld enhancement, characterized via two dimensionless parameters, with nugget-type DM showing resonant behavior akin to point-like particles.
Generalization of scalar-fermion Yukawa systems in constant-EOS cosmologies identifies scaling regime with constant energy density ratio from approximate scale invariance and asymptotic regime recovering bare mass.
Stronger couplings or inflaton-seeded initial abundance allow freeze-in dark matter to match the relic density while evading DAMIC-M and PandaX bounds for reheating temperatures below the electroweak scale.
Bose-Einstein condensate formation in neutron stars enhances dark matter annihilation by 10^15-10^20, allowing freeze-in models to produce observable heating and probe neutrino-fog scattering cross-sections.
Freeze-in at low reheating temperatures allows MeV-scale dark matter in vector portal models to be probed by future direct detection experiments in nuclear recoils for 50-500 MeV masses and via enhanced solar neutrino coherent scattering.
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
Sequential freeze-in dark matter with a dark photon mediator of mass 0.01-10 GeV fixes the dark charge at 1.3e-12 and restricts mixing to 10^{-11} to ~10^{-8}, with SHiP excluding most of this range except near 10^{-11}.
Lepton parity stabilizes a Majorana fermion as freeze-in dark matter produced via right-handed neutrino or Higgs decays, yielding detectable gravitational waves or ΔN_eff depending on scalar couplings.
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Minimal Majoron Dark Matter
In the minimal Majoron model the particle can explain all dark matter with mass below about 10 MeV from misalignment or freeze-in, and remains compatible with thermal leptogenesis when misalignment dominates or with mild tuning.