Binary interactions and cluster dynamics boost PISN rates by up to 3x versus single stars, enabling constraints on stellar-wind mass loss and galaxy metallicity distributions.
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Spectroscopic observations of six low-mass, metal-poor SLSN host galaxies reveal slow stellar-wind-driven outflows with velocities 37-104 km/s and mass-loading factors below 1 in the earliest phases of star formation.
SLSN 2021bnw is best fit by a core-collapse explosion of a star with initial mass at least 61 solar masses, ejecta of 15-22.5 solar masses containing 1.7 solar masses of nickel-56 and 4 foe energy colliding with 7 solar masses of circumstellar matter.
SKA+VLBI will enable routine mas-scale imaging of nearby extragalactic supernovae to measure shock deceleration and test explosion mechanisms.