A randomized quench protocol enables the first fully analog measurement of infinite-temperature OTOCs on Rydberg atom arrays, revealing information propagation lightcones.
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Fast Scramblers
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abstract
We consider the problem of how fast a quantum system can scramble (thermalize) information, given that the interactions are between bounded clusters of degrees of freedom; pairwise interactions would be an example. Based on previous work, we conjecture: 1) The most rapid scramblers take a time logarithmic in the number of degrees of freedom. 2) Matrix quantum mechanics (systems whose degrees of freedom are n by n matrices) saturate the bound. 3) Black holes are the fastest scramblers in nature. The conjectures are based on two sources, one from quantum information theory, and the other from the study of black holes in String Theory.
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representative citing papers
Topology change in canonical JT gravity resolves the firewall paradox by making the connected two-interior branch dominate after Page time, with gravitational constraints annihilating the firewall branch and identifying horizon vacuum and early radiation purity as the same Dirac observable.
In a thermal state of gravitons at temperature T, metric fluctuations induce a Gaussian spread in the causal structure of a scalar field with Var(x²) = 16 G_N T t³ / 3 after vacuum subtraction.
Increasing black hole scrambling time in JT and RST evaporating geometries suppresses and eliminates late-time entanglement revivals in 2d CFT mutual information for disjoint intervals, interpolating between quasiparticle and maximal scrambling regimes.
LogK complexity via replicas distinguishes genuine scrambling from saddle effects in quantum and classical systems and refines the measure for integrable cases.
In the continuum limit the discrete Krylov chain becomes a Klein-Gordon field in AdS2, with Lanczos growth rate α identified as πT, recovering the maximal chaos bound and requiring the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound for consistency.
Tensor network simulations of the Ising model on hyperbolic lattices with coordination number 7 reveal power-law boundary spin correlations in the disordered phase and logarithmic boundary entanglement entropy at criticality, consistent with holography.
Unitary designs emerge from the temporal ensemble of two chaotic Hamiltonian evolutions separated by a random Pauli operation, based on the universal Pauli spectrum.
Formulates an avatar of the Fyodorov-Hiary-Keating conjecture for black hole microstate counts, implying sharp bounds on CFT primary operator interval counts and suggesting that AdS spectra exhibit extreme value statistics of Gaussian log-correlated random matrices.
Photon rings around black holes saturate the quantum chaos bound via Lyapunov exponents of null geodesics and OTOCs in the near-ring region.
SYK disorder is shown to be an approximate unitary k-design for poly(N) k; under the planted-SYK hardness conjecture this yields gravitationally pseudorandom unitaries, implying cryptographic censorship in JT gravity with the regularized maximal geodesic length as distinguisher.
Numerical analysis shows that spectral statistics of a BPS-projected operator in an interpolating N=2 SYK model transition from random-matrix to Poisson behavior as the model moves from chaotic to integrable.
In a JT gravity model with an EoW brane, black hole interior complexity grows linearly until the Page time then decays exponentially, with fluctuations growing large afterward and signaling loss of self-averaging.
In TTbar-deformed anomalous CFT2 the chaos bound stays saturated while butterfly velocity depends nontrivially on deformation strength and anomaly, with a Hagedorn regime where the chaotic response turns complex.
Spectral functions of SYK, p-spin, and SU(M) Heisenberg models show exponential tails in spin-glass phases and quasiparticle families in spin-liquid phases, with a proof that exponential decay blocks detection of bulk causal structure.
In finite-volume massive free scalar field theory after local quench, spacing ratios of two-point function extrema follow GOE statistics and an extrema-based form factor shows RMT dip-ramp-plateau.
Derives WGC bound on probe charge-to-mass ratio from positivity of anomalous dimensions in dual CFT for charged particles in higher-derivative AdS black holes, with bound increasing with couplings and ISCOs existing up to the bound.
Non-planar corrections lift degeneracies in the spectrum of quarter BPS states in Sym^N(T^4) and introduce level repulsion plus random matrix statistics, showing integrability is restricted to the large N planar limit.
ISCOs mark coalescence points of center and saddle fixed points in black hole effective potentials, exhibiting van der Waals-like mean-field scaling, with corresponding negative and positive anomalous dimensions for center and saddle in the dual CFT.
Finite-loop truncations of the planar dilatation operator in N=4 SYM exhibit GOE-like level statistics at large coupling for two- and four-loops (but not three), with eigenvector and Krylov diagnostics indicating weak integrability breaking and multifractality.
Reconstructs spacetime metric, curvature, and Einstein equations from matter field operator algebras in the G to 0 limit without using Bekenstein-Hawking area law, then models finite-N discrete spectra via random matrix completion of enlarged type III algebras.
Reinterprets the brick-wall model as an effective description of finite-N departures from the semiclassical near-horizon continuum in AdS/CFT, producing residual reflections and model-dependent echoes.
Hawking radiation terminates around the scrambling time due to trans-Planckian stringy effects in GUP and string-field-theory-inspired toy models, yielding negligible evaporation and a mostly classical black hole.
In this fuzzy-sphere matrix model the largest Lyapunov exponent drops to zero at finite temperature, respecting the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford bound while entanglement shows fast scrambling.
citing papers explorer
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Information Propagation in Rydberg Arrays via Analog OTOC Calculations
A randomized quench protocol enables the first fully analog measurement of infinite-temperature OTOCs on Rydberg atom arrays, revealing information propagation lightcones.
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Smooth horizons from topology change in canonical quantum gravity
Topology change in canonical JT gravity resolves the firewall paradox by making the connected two-interior branch dominate after Page time, with gravitational constraints annihilating the firewall branch and identifying horizon vacuum and early radiation purity as the same Dirac observable.
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Probabilistic Microcausality in a Thermal Bath of Gravitons
In a thermal state of gravitons at temperature T, metric fluctuations induce a Gaussian spread in the causal structure of a scalar field with Var(x²) = 16 G_N T t³ / 3 after vacuum subtraction.
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Entanglement Revivals and Scrambling for Evaporating Black Holes
Increasing black hole scrambling time in JT and RST evaporating geometries suppresses and eliminates late-time entanglement revivals in 2d CFT mutual information for disjoint intervals, interpolating between quasiparticle and maximal scrambling regimes.
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Towards a Refinement of Krylov Complexity: Scrambling, Classical Operator Growth and Replicas
LogK complexity via replicas distinguishes genuine scrambling from saddle effects in quantum and classical systems and refines the measure for integrable cases.
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Krylov Subspace Dynamics as Near-Horizon AdS$_2$ Holography
In the continuum limit the discrete Krylov chain becomes a Klein-Gordon field in AdS2, with Lanczos growth rate α identified as πT, recovering the maximal chaos bound and requiring the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound for consistency.
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Unitary Designs from Two Chaotic Hamiltonians and a Random Pauli Operation
Unitary designs emerge from the temporal ensemble of two chaotic Hamiltonian evolutions separated by a random Pauli operation, based on the universal Pauli spectrum.
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Black Holes and Random Variables
Formulates an avatar of the Fyodorov-Hiary-Keating conjecture for black hole microstate counts, implying sharp bounds on CFT primary operator interval counts and suggesting that AdS spectra exhibit extreme value statistics of Gaussian log-correlated random matrices.
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Black Hole Photon Rings Saturate the Quantum Chaos Bound
Photon rings around black holes saturate the quantum chaos bound via Lyapunov exponents of null geodesics and OTOCs in the near-ring region.
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Pseudorandom Dynamics in the SYK Model and Cryptographic Censorship in JT Gravity
SYK disorder is shown to be an approximate unitary k-design for poly(N) k; under the planted-SYK hardness conjecture this yields gravitationally pseudorandom unitaries, implying cryptographic censorship in JT gravity with the regularized maximal geodesic length as distinguisher.
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Chaos-Integrability Transition in the BPS Subspace of the $\mathcal{N}=2$ SYK Model
Numerical analysis shows that spectral statistics of a BPS-projected operator in an interpolating N=2 SYK model transition from random-matrix to Poisson behavior as the model moves from chaotic to integrable.
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Evaporating Black Hole Interior and Complexity Evolution
In a JT gravity model with an EoW brane, black hole interior complexity grows linearly until the Page time then decays exponentially, with fluctuations growing large afterward and signaling loss of self-averaging.
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Butterflies in $\textrm{T}\overline{\textrm{T}}$ deformed anomalous CFT$_2$
In TTbar-deformed anomalous CFT2 the chaos bound stays saturated while butterfly velocity depends nontrivially on deformation strength and anomaly, with a Hagedorn regime where the chaotic response turns complex.
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Searching for emergent spacetime in spin glasses
Spectral functions of SYK, p-spin, and SU(M) Heisenberg models show exponential tails in spin-glass phases and quasiparticle families in spin-liquid phases, with a proof that exponential decay blocks detection of bulk causal structure.
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Random matrix theory signatures in free field theory
In finite-volume massive free scalar field theory after local quench, spacing ratios of two-point function extrema follow GOE statistics and an extrema-based form factor shows RMT dip-ramp-plateau.
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ISCOs and the weak gravity conjecture bound in higher derivative theories of gravity
Derives WGC bound on probe charge-to-mass ratio from positivity of anomalous dimensions in dual CFT for charged particles in higher-derivative AdS black holes, with bound increasing with couplings and ISCOs existing up to the bound.
-
Non-planar corrections in the symmetric orbifold
Non-planar corrections lift degeneracies in the spectrum of quarter BPS states in Sym^N(T^4) and introduce level repulsion plus random matrix statistics, showing integrability is restricted to the large N planar limit.
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Criticality of ISCOs and AdS/CFT
ISCOs mark coalescence points of center and saddle fixed points in black hole effective potentials, exhibiting van der Waals-like mean-field scaling, with corresponding negative and positive anomalous dimensions for center and saddle in the dual CFT.
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Probing weak chaos in $\mathcal N=4$ super Yang-Mills and long-range spin chains
Finite-loop truncations of the planar dilatation operator in N=4 SYM exhibit GOE-like level statistics at large coupling for two- and four-loops (but not three), with eigenvector and Krylov diagnostics indicating weak integrability breaking and multifractality.
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Spacetime from Operator Algebras
Reconstructs spacetime metric, curvature, and Einstein equations from matter field operator algebras in the G to 0 limit without using Bekenstein-Hawking area law, then models finite-N discrete spectra via random matrix completion of enlarged type III algebras.
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Finite N Black Holes through the Brick Wall
Reinterprets the brick-wall model as an effective description of finite-N departures from the semiclassical near-horizon continuum in AdS/CFT, producing residual reflections and model-dependent echoes.
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UV Effects and Short-Lived Hawking Radiation: Alternative Resolution of Information Paradox
Hawking radiation terminates around the scrambling time due to trans-Planckian stringy effects in GUP and string-field-theory-inspired toy models, yielding negligible evaporation and a mostly classical black hole.
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Real-Time Quantum Dynamics on the Fuzzy Sphere: Chaos and Entanglement
In this fuzzy-sphere matrix model the largest Lyapunov exponent drops to zero at finite temperature, respecting the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford bound while entanglement shows fast scrambling.
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Exponentially Long Evaporation of Noncommutative Black Hole
Noncommutative spacetime shifts the collapsing shell proportionally to outgoing Hawking mode momentum, invalidating standard robustness arguments and causing radiation to decay exponentially after scrambling for exponentially long black hole evaporation.
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Post-Selection Probability and Fidelity of Bidirectional Teleportation
Post-selection probability and fidelity of bidirectional teleportation are expressed via the Loschmidt echo, revealing initial-state dependence of fidelity and stability of probability in integrable models.
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Krylov Complexity
Krylov complexity is a canonical, parameter-independent measure of operator spreading that probes chaotic dynamics to late times and admits a geometric interpretation in holographic duals.