A conformal isothermal reformulation of optical geometry converts the Gauss-Bonnet area term for weak deflection into boundary integrals evaluated on a flat reference ray, reproducing known finite-distance results for Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström, and Kottler spacetimes.
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Corotating point sources on accretion disks near black holes distort the relative magnification factor distribution, modulating caustics and encoding accretion flow kinematics via time-delayed images.
Within two QCD-inspired equations of state coupled to Eddington-Finkelstein collapse, finite chemical potential reshapes thermodynamics but does not produce self-regularizing black hole cores.
Numerical backward ray-tracing shows that the inner shadow size shrinks with the Gauss-Bonnet coupling while polarization direction near the shadow and photon ring shifts noticeably, and combining both observables yields stronger constraints than either alone.