ShadowMerge exploits relation-channel conflicts to poison graph-based agent memory, achieving 93.8% average attack success rate on Mem0 and real-world datasets while bypassing existing defenses.
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MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems
Canonical reference. 77% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI, but are constrained by limited context windows, hindering their utility in tasks like extended conversations and document analysis. To enable using context beyond limited context windows, we propose virtual context management, a technique drawing inspiration from hierarchical memory systems in traditional operating systems that provide the appearance of large memory resources through data movement between fast and slow memory. Using this technique, we introduce MemGPT (Memory-GPT), a system that intelligently manages different memory tiers in order to effectively provide extended context within the LLM's limited context window, and utilizes interrupts to manage control flow between itself and the user. We evaluate our OS-inspired design in two domains where the limited context windows of modern LLMs severely handicaps their performance: document analysis, where MemGPT is able to analyze large documents that far exceed the underlying LLM's context window, and multi-session chat, where MemGPT can create conversational agents that remember, reflect, and evolve dynamically through long-term interactions with their users. We release MemGPT code and data for our experiments at https://memgpt.ai.
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- abstract Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI, but are constrained by limited context windows, hindering their utility in tasks like extended conversations and document analysis. To enable using context beyond limited context windows, we propose virtual context management, a technique drawing inspiration from hierarchical memory systems in traditional operating systems that provide the appearance of large memory resources through data movement between fast and slow memory. Using this technique, we introduce MemGPT (Memory-GPT), a system that intelligently manages different memory tiers i
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representative citing papers
MemEvoBench is presented as the first standardized benchmark for long-horizon memory safety in LLM agents, covering adversarial memory injection, noisy tool outputs, and biased feedback across QA and workflow tasks.
A language-model-driven agentic AI system autonomously executes multi-stage physics experiments at a production synchrotron light source, reducing preparation time by two orders of magnitude while upholding safety constraints.
The authors create the first large-scale dataset and taxonomy of failure modes in multi-agent LLM systems to explain their limited performance gains.
Momento benchmark reveals current agents fail at multi-session tasks mainly by misestimating user state and treating old session history as current context instead of stale data needing re-validation.
LongDS benchmark shows state-of-the-art agents achieve only 48.45% accuracy on long-horizon data analysis tasks, with performance dropping 47 points from early to late turns and state-maintenance errors causing most failures.
MemPoison enables stealthy memory poisoning in LLM agents via dialogue by using semantic relational bridges, entity masquerading, and joint embedding optimization to bypass selective extraction and rewriting, achieving up to 0.95 attack success rate.
Introduces QGP and PushBench to evaluate LLM agent persistence on quantitative goals, showing specialized controllers outperform baselines on verifier-checked artifact collection tasks.
GraphFlow uses a unified wGraph to dynamically instantiate workflows and manage KV caches for LLM agents, reporting 4.95 pp average gains and 4x memory reduction on five benchmarks.
MemConflict provides a benchmark for testing LLM long-term memory systems under dynamic, static, and conditional conflicts involving temporal validity, factual correctness, and contextual applicability.
SocialMemBench provides 1,031 QA pairs from 43 synthetic social networks to show that existing AI memory frameworks perform poorly in multi-party group settings compared to full-context baselines.
EXG is an experience graph framework for self-evolving LLM agents that supports online real-time growth and offline reuse to enhance solution quality and efficiency on code generation and reasoning benchmarks.
S-Bus reconstructs read sets from HTTP traffic for multi-agent LLM state coordination, delivering Observable-Read Isolation with formal proofs and empirical safety matching traditional databases.
RecMem reduces memory construction token costs by up to 87% in long-running LLM agents by consolidating memory only upon sustained recurrence of semantically similar interactions, while exceeding the accuracy of three prior systems.
SMMBench is a benchmark evaluating multimodal agents on cross-source reasoning, conflict resolution, preference reasoning, and action prediction, showing current systems struggle with evidence distributed across heterogeneous sources.
MemDocAgent generates consistent hierarchical repository-level code documentation by combining dependency-aware traversal with memory-guided agent interactions that accumulate work traces.
EvolveMem enables autonomous self-evolution of LLM memory retrieval configurations via LLM diagnosis and safeguards, delivering 25.7% gains over strong baselines on LoCoMo and 18.9% on MemBench with positive cross-benchmark transfer.
LongMemEval-V2 is a new benchmark where AgentRunbook-C reaches 72.5% accuracy on long-term agent memory tasks, beating RAG baselines at 48.5% and basic coding agents at 69.3%.
All tested LLM memory systems fail at dependency reasoning in multi-entity evolving scenarios, with only an expensive file-based setup showing partial recovery.
PRISM is a tiered benchmark with 300 human-verified tasks across five photorealistic apartments that diagnoses embodied agent failures in basic ability, reasoning ability, and long-horizon ability using an agent-agnostic API.
EVOCHAMBER enables test-time co-evolution of multi-agent systems across three scales, producing emergent niche specialists and performance gains of up to 32% relative on math tasks with Qwen3-8B.
Memory for long-horizon agents should preserve distinctions that affect decisions under a fixed budget, not descriptive features, yielding an exact forgetting boundary and a new online learner DeMem with regret guarantees.
TimeClaw is an exploratory execution learning system that turns multiple valid tool-use paths into hierarchical distilled experience for improved time-series reasoning without test-time adaptation.
Nautilus Compass is a black-box drift detector for production LLM agents that uses weighted cosine similarity on BGE-m3 embeddings of raw text against anchors, achieving 0.83 ROC AUC on real session traces while shipping as plugins and servers with an audit log.
citing papers explorer
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OCR-Memory: Optical Context Retrieval for Long-Horizon Agent Memory
OCR-Memory encodes agent trajectories as images with visual anchors and retrieves verbatim text via locate-and-transcribe, yielding gains on long-horizon benchmarks under strict context limits.