Any single-output LLM ensemble is accuracy-capped at 1-beta where beta is the all-models-wrong rate, a quantity not captured by pairwise correlations and frequently underestimated by copula models.
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LATTE coordinates LLM agent teams with an evolving shared task graph, cutting token use, time, and failures while matching or beating accuracy of MetaGPT, leader-worker, and static methods.
Consensus Entropy measures inter-VLM output agreement to verify OCR reliability and enable self-improving ensembles, yielding 42.1% F1 gains over single-model judging.
A kNN lower-confidence-bound approach for act-or-defer decisions in multi-agent LLM debates respects user-declared wrong-action budgets while achieving high automation rates on benchmarks.
EDV decouples execution, distillation by a third-party agent, and consensus verification to filter erroneous trajectories in LLM agent experience learning, outperforming baselines on tau2-bench, Mind2Web, and MMTB.
Streaming an agent's reasoning steps to the next agent as they are produced cuts latency and, when early steps are more reliable than late ones, also improves final accuracy.
A multi-LLM council scores predictive processing papers on an expert ontology, maps results in 3D hypothesis space, and introduces a dispersion metric showing greater spread in global versus local oddball paradigms.
TopOptAgents deploys six LLM agents in self-refining loops to automate the full topology optimization workflow and succeeds on problem classes where single LLMs fail.
Closed-system multi-step LLM reasoning is subject to an information-theoretic bound where mutual information with evidence decreases, preserving accuracy while eroding faithfulness, with EGSR recovering it on SciFact and FEVER.
ALL-FEM fine-tunes LLMs on a corpus of verified FEniCS scripts and uses multi-agent workflows to automate finite element code generation, achieving 71.79% success on 39 benchmarks across elasticity, flow, and coupled problems.
DITS replaces Q-value guidance in MCTS with influence scores for synthetic data synthesis in multi-agent LLM training, claiming better efficiency and performance on eight datasets.
Creates a five-dimension taxonomy (counterparty, payload, interaction state, discovery mechanism, schema flexibility) from nine protocols and identifies architectural patterns plus convergence trends.
Under controlled identical protocols, only one of six multi-agent LLM systems marginally exceeds a single-agent baseline on benchmark-balanced accuracy while the rest trail and cost more; a runtime workflow reaches 66.72% on GAIA.
A disagreement-based router that decides per math problem whether to accept, majority-vote, or rewrite improves accuracy by 3–7% with fewer samples than fixed test-time scaling methods.
LLMA-Mem improves long-horizon performance in LLM multi-agent systems over baselines while reducing cost and shows non-monotonic scaling where memory-enabled smaller teams can beat larger ones.
LLM-PeerReview ensembles LLMs by scoring responses with LLM-as-Judge and selecting the best via averaging or truth inference, beating Smoothie-Global by 6.9-7.3 points on four datasets.
SMCS coordinates 15 open-source LLMs via retrieval-based prior selection and exploration-exploitation posterior enhancement, outperforming GPT-4.1 by 5.36% and GPT-o3-mini by 5.28% on eight benchmarks.
A survey of large-model inference optimization, organized as a four-layer 'token-operations' taxonomy: multi-model fusion, model optimization, compute-model fusion, and compute-network-model fusion.
A systematic survey of LLM ensemble methods organized into a taxonomy of ensemble-before-inference, ensemble-during-inference, and ensemble-after-inference stages, with review of benchmarks, applications, and future directions.
citing papers explorer
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When Does Combining Language Models Help? A Co-Failure Ceiling on Routing, Voting, and Mixture-of-Agents Across 67 Frontier Models
Any single-output LLM ensemble is accuracy-capped at 1-beta where beta is the all-models-wrong rate, a quantity not captured by pairwise correlations and frequently underestimated by copula models.
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Improving the Efficiency of Language Agent Teams with Adaptive Task Graphs
LATTE coordinates LLM agent teams with an evolving shared task graph, cutting token use, time, and failures while matching or beating accuracy of MetaGPT, leader-worker, and static methods.
-
Consensus Entropy: Harnessing Multi-VLM Agreement for Self-Verifying and Self-Improving OCR
Consensus Entropy measures inter-VLM output agreement to verify OCR reliability and enable self-improving ensembles, yielding 42.1% F1 gains over single-model judging.
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Budgeted Act-or-Defer Multi-Agent LLM Deliberation with Local Reliability Bounds
A kNN lower-confidence-bound approach for act-or-defer decisions in multi-agent LLM debates respects user-declared wrong-action budgets while achieving high automation rates on benchmarks.
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Escaping the Self-Confirmation Trap: An Execute-Distill-Verify Paradigm for Agentic Experience Learning
EDV decouples execution, distillation by a third-party agent, and consensus verification to filter erroneous trajectories in LLM agent experience learning, outperforming baselines on tau2-bench, Mind2Web, and MMTB.
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Streaming Communication in Multi-Agent Reasoning
Streaming an agent's reasoning steps to the next agent as they are produced cuts latency and, when early steps are more reliable than late ones, also improves final accuracy.
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Ontology-constrained multi-LLM scoring of hypothesis support in the predictive processing literature
A multi-LLM council scores predictive processing papers on an expert ontology, maps results in 3D hypothesis space, and introduces a dispersion metric showing greater spread in global versus local oddball paradigms.
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Self-Refining Topology Optimization via an LLM-Based Multi-Agent Framework
TopOptAgents deploys six LLM agents in self-refining loops to automate the full topology optimization workflow and succeeds on problem classes where single LLMs fail.
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The Reasoning Trap: An Information-Theoretic Bound on Closed-System Multi-Step LLM Reasoning
Closed-system multi-step LLM reasoning is subject to an information-theoretic bound where mutual information with evidence decreases, preserving accuracy while eroding faithfulness, with EGSR recovering it on SciFact and FEVER.
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ALL-FEM: Agentic Large Language models Fine-tuned for Finite Element Methods
ALL-FEM fine-tunes LLMs on a corpus of verified FEniCS scripts and uses multi-agent workflows to automate finite element code generation, achieving 71.79% success on 39 benchmarks across elasticity, flow, and coupled problems.
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Efficient Multi-Agent System Training with Data Influence-Oriented Tree Search
DITS replaces Q-value guidance in MCTS with influence scores for synthetic data synthesis in multi-agent LLM training, claiming better efficiency and performance on eight datasets.
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A Technical Taxonomy of LLM Agent Communication Protocols
Creates a five-dimension taxonomy (counterparty, payload, interaction state, discovery mechanism, schema flexibility) from nine protocols and identifies architectural patterns plus convergence trends.
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Do More Agents Help? Controlled and Protocol-Aligned Evaluation of LLM Agent Workflows
Under controlled identical protocols, only one of six multi-agent LLM systems marginally exceeds a single-agent baseline on benchmark-balanced accuracy while the rest trail and cost more; a runtime workflow reaches 66.72% on GAIA.
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When to Vote, When to Rewrite: Disagreement-Guided Strategy Routing for Test-Time Scaling
A disagreement-based router that decides per math problem whether to accept, majority-vote, or rewrite improves accuracy by 3–7% with fewer samples than fixed test-time scaling methods.
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Scaling Teams or Scaling Time? Memory Enabled Lifelong Learning in LLM Multi-Agent Systems
LLMA-Mem improves long-horizon performance in LLM multi-agent systems over baselines while reducing cost and shows non-monotonic scaling where memory-enabled smaller teams can beat larger ones.
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Scoring, Reasoning, and Selecting the Best! Ensembling Large Language Models via a Peer-Review Process
LLM-PeerReview ensembles LLMs by scoring responses with LLM-as-Judge and selecting the best via averaging or truth inference, beating Smoothie-Global by 6.9-7.3 points on four datasets.
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A Scalable Multi-LLM Collaboration System with Retrieval-based Selection and Exploration-Exploitation-Driven Enhancement
SMCS coordinates 15 open-source LLMs via retrieval-based prior selection and exploration-exploitation posterior enhancement, outperforming GPT-4.1 by 5.36% and GPT-o3-mini by 5.28% on eight benchmarks.
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Token-Operations-Oriented Inference Optimization Techniques for Large Models
A survey of large-model inference optimization, organized as a four-layer 'token-operations' taxonomy: multi-model fusion, model optimization, compute-model fusion, and compute-network-model fusion.
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Harnessing Multiple Large Language Models: A Survey on LLM Ensemble
A systematic survey of LLM ensemble methods organized into a taxonomy of ensemble-before-inference, ensemble-during-inference, and ensemble-after-inference stages, with review of benchmarks, applications, and future directions.