Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
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MeV-scale Reheating Temperature and Thermalization of Neutrino Background
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abstract
The late-time entropy production by the massive particle decay induces the various cosmological effects in the early epoch and modify the standard scenario. We investigate the thermalization process of the neutrinos after the entropy production by solving the Boltzmann equations numerically. We find that if the large entropy are produced at t $\sim$ 1 sec, the neutrinos are not thermalized very well and do not have the perfect Fermi-Dirac distribution. Then the freeze-out value of the neutron to proton ratio is altered considerably and the produced light elements, especially He4, are drastically changed. Comparing with the observational light element abundances, we find that $T_R$ < 0.7 MeV is excluded at 95 % C.L. We also study the case in which the massive particle has a decay mode into hadrons. Then we find that $T_R$ should be a little higher, i.e. $T_R$ > 2.5 MeV - 4 MeV, for the hadronic branching ratio $B_h = 10^{-2} - 1$. Possible influence of late-time entropy production on the large scale structure formation and temperature anisotropies of cosmic microwave background is studied. It is expected that the future satellite experiments (MAP and PLANCK) to measure anisotropies of cosmic microwave background radiation temperature can detect the vestige of the late-time entropy production as a modification of the effective number of the neutrino species $N_{\nu}^{\rm eff}$.
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2026 13representative citing papers
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
Exponential quintessence with an assumed kination epoch relaxes the dark energy fine-tuning problem by dozens of orders of magnitude relative to a cosmological constant.
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
NANOGrav data favors a blue-tilted tensor spectrum with nt ≈ 2.2, radiation-dominated reheating, and alpha-vacuum states over standard Bunch-Davies, with a frequency-dependent alpha suggested to resolve the blue-tilt tension.
For an exponential quintessence potential, an analytic formula links the current equation-of-state w_φ0 to the potential slope λ while enforcing prior radiation and matter domination, yielding the bound λ < 1.94 at Ω_φ0 = 0.685.
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
K-inflation with non-canonical kinetic term G(φ) shifts α-attractor T-models and natural inflation into the Planck-ACT-LB-BK18 allowed region while satisfying Swampland conjectures and producing testable GW spectra.
A spectator scalar field with strong portal coupling to the inflaton sources a stochastic gravitational wave background reaching Ω_GW h² ∼ 10^{-11} at frequencies 10^7-10^8 Hz for benchmark parameters σ/λ ≃ 10^4 and T_reh = 2×10^{14} GeV.
A sequential majoron-to-neutrinos decay followed by axion-like particle-to-photons decay can lower primordial lithium without exceeding deuterium limits.
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
Multi-phase non-minimal inflation in metric and Palatini gravity predicts ns between 0.93 and 0.98, r up to 0.03 in metric but below 10^{-5} in Palatini, with non-thermal DM and leptogenesis viable for couplings in the 10^{-7} to 10^{-3} range.
Non-standard reheating imprints detectable features on SIGW spectra via non-Gaussianity, with dynamics that can suppress or boost the signal amplitude for LISA.
citing papers explorer
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Kaon Portal to Freeze-in Dark Matter
Freeze-in dark matter produced by kaons in low-reheating cosmologies requires larger couplings at lower reheating temperatures, directly linking the relic density to observable rates in rare kaon decay experiments.
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Gravitational wave emission from nonspherical collapse in an early matter-dominated era using N-body simulations
Full numerical N-body treatment is required for reliable gravitational wave predictions from nonspherical collapse in early matter-dominated eras, with resulting spectra mappable to detector sensitivities via horizon mass and reheating temperature.
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Exponential Quintessence Model: Analytical Quantification of the Fine-Tuning Problem in Dark Energy
Exponential quintessence with an assumed kination epoch relaxes the dark energy fine-tuning problem by dozens of orders of magnitude relative to a cosmological constant.
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Gravitational scalar production with a generic reheating scenario
Gravitational scalar production yields reheating-dependent constraints on dark matter scalars, with dilution preserving viability for k<4 low-temperature reheating and factorization in multi-stage cases.
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Constraints on the inflationary vacuum and reheating era from NANOGrav
NANOGrav data favors a blue-tilted tensor spectrum with nt ≈ 2.2, radiation-dominated reheating, and alpha-vacuum states over standard Bunch-Davies, with a frequency-dependent alpha suggested to resolve the blue-tilt tension.
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Exponential Quintessence: Analytic Relationship Between the Current Equation of State Parameter and the Potential Parameter
For an exponential quintessence potential, an analytic formula links the current equation-of-state w_φ0 to the potential slope λ while enforcing prior radiation and matter domination, yielding the bound λ < 1.94 at Ω_φ0 = 0.685.
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Searching for UFOs from the early universe: direct detection prospects for relativistically decoupling dark matter
Ultrarelativistically decoupling dark matter in Z' portal models has direct detection cross sections that existing experiments like LZ and XENONnT have already excluded over large regions, leaving testable space above the neutrino fog for 0.4 GeV to 1 TeV masses.
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Reviving Motivated Inflationary Potentials with $K$-inflation in the light of ACT
K-inflation with non-canonical kinetic term G(φ) shifts α-attractor T-models and natural inflation into the Planck-ACT-LB-BK18 allowed region while satisfying Swampland conjectures and producing testable GW spectra.
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Gravitational Waves from Matter Perturbations of Spectator Scalar Fields
A spectator scalar field with strong portal coupling to the inflaton sources a stochastic gravitational wave background reaching Ω_GW h² ∼ 10^{-11} at frequencies 10^7-10^8 Hz for benchmark parameters σ/λ ≃ 10^4 and T_reh = 2×10^{14} GeV.
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Bipartite Solution to the Lithium Problem
A sequential majoron-to-neutrinos decay followed by axion-like particle-to-photons decay can lower primordial lithium without exceeding deuterium limits.
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Thermal effects on Dark Matter production during cosmic reheating
Thermal corrections to reheating and freeze-in DM production rates are generally small in the computable regime but can be large in constructed counter-examples.
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Induced Multi-phase Inflation with Reheating: Leptogenesis and Dark Matter Production in Metric versus Palatini
Multi-phase non-minimal inflation in metric and Palatini gravity predicts ns between 0.93 and 0.98, r up to 0.03 in metric but below 10^{-5} in Palatini, with non-thermal DM and leptogenesis viable for couplings in the 10^{-7} to 10^{-3} range.
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Probing non-Gaussianity during reheating with SIGW in the LISA band
Non-standard reheating imprints detectable features on SIGW spectra via non-Gaussianity, with dynamics that can suppress or boost the signal amplitude for LISA.