MHD simulations show CNM clouds are elongated along the local magnetic field with lower disorder per column density than the WNM, explaining the f_CNM-polarization trend for low-cloud-count sightlines.
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Realistic ISM fluctuations from TIGRESS-NCR MHD simulations drive stellar radial heating with σ_R ∝ t^{1/2} (early, cold) and t^{1/5} (late, warm) plus substantial migration explained by quasilinear theory with λ_* ~600 pc and τ_* ~70 Myr.
A new HI absorption survey with ASKAP detects cold gas extensively across the Magellanic system, finding a cold neutral medium fraction of 0.12 in the Bridge similar to the SMC.
Geometry of temperature isosurfaces controls the PDF shape in turbulent multi-phase gas, with clumps transitioning to sheets producing broader distributions.
Linear decomposition of Planck dust maps using PMO CO and EBHIS HI surveys attributes 20-40% of dust to CO gas, negligible amounts to broad warm HI, and significant fractions to narrow cold HI and CO-dark molecular gas at boundaries.
PRFM-vol and PRFM-int subgrid models, calibrated from TIGRESS, produce shorter gas depletion times than IllustrisTNG and match TIGRESS star formation rates at high resolution while remaining robust at lower resolutions.
Broad HCO+ absorption traces diffuse CO-dark H2 with f_mol=0.09, f_CNM=0.38, and CO abundance ≲10^{-5} relative to H2, undetected in CO emission or absorption below few×10^{19} cm^{-2}.
Correlations between HI velocity complexity and depolarization plus links between Faraday depth moments and neutral gas structure indicate neutral-dominated ISM regions contribute substantially to diffuse synchrotron emission and Faraday rotation.
Observational modeling of GWA and LAB survey spectra yields 19.8% CNM, 32.5% UNM and 47.8% WNM, in agreement with the TIGRESS-NCR simulation under fixed spin-temperature boundaries.
SKAO will enable HI and OH absorption surveys to characterize cold gas properties in galaxies from z=0 to beyond z=6.
Review chapter summarizing the importance of small-scale galactic magnetic fields and proposing SKA observation strategies.
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Tracing Cold Gas in Absorption Across Cosmic Time with the SKA
SKAO will enable HI and OH absorption surveys to characterize cold gas properties in galaxies from z=0 to beyond z=6.