HTEB introduces dynamic, multi-axis evaluation of text embedding robustness using LLM transformations, finding decoupled profiles across models and that scaling does not close all robustness gaps.
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jina-embeddings-v5-text: Task-Targeted Embedding Distillation
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is method (40%).
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abstract
Text embedding models are widely used for semantic similarity tasks, including information retrieval, clustering, and classification. General-purpose models are typically trained with single- or multi-stage processes using contrastive loss functions. We introduce a novel training regimen that combines model distillation techniques with task-specific contrastive loss to produce compact, high-performance embedding models. Our findings suggest that this approach is more effective for training small models than purely contrastive or distillation-based training paradigms alone. Benchmark scores for the resulting models, jina-embeddings-v5-text-small and jina-embeddings-v5-text-nano, exceed or match the state-of-the-art for models of similar size. jina-embeddings-v5-text models additionally support long texts (up to 32k tokens) in many languages, and generate embeddings that remain robust under truncation and binary quantization. Model weights are publicly available, hopefully inspiring further advances in embedding model development.
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2026 13representative citing papers
LatentRAG performs agentic RAG by generating latent tokens for thoughts and subqueries in one forward pass, matching explicit methods' accuracy on seven benchmarks while reducing latency by ~90%.
SkillRet benchmark shows fine-tuned retrievers improve NDCG@10 by 13+ points over prior models on large-scale skill retrieval for LLM agents.
LMEB benchmark shows that embedding models' performance on traditional retrieval does not transfer to long-horizon memory tasks, larger models do not always perform better, and LMEB measures capabilities orthogonal to MTEB.
INO is an index-time method that uses the production RAG agent to iteratively create, test with queries and paraphrases, reflect on failures, and revise factual nuggets until they are discoverable and used correctly.
Single-prompt evaluations of instruction-tuned embedding models misrepresent performance and allow any model to be ranked first by favorable prompt choice.
MLAIRE is a protocol that evaluates multilingual retrievers on both semantic accuracy and query-language preference using parallel passages and new metrics like LPR and Lang-nDCG, showing that standard metrics hide distinct behavioral differences among retrievers.
A single-pass black-box method models LLM outputs as dynamical systems via Koopman operators to detect hallucinations with claimed state-of-the-art accuracy and lower cost.
A survey that categorizes RIR benchmarks by domain and modality, proposes a taxonomy for integrating reasoning into retrieval pipelines, and outlines key challenges.
Granite Embedding Multilingual R2 releases 311M and 97M parameter bi-encoder models that achieve state-of-the-art retrieval performance on multilingual text, code, long-document, and reasoning datasets.
citing papers explorer
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The Harder Text Embedding Benchmark (HTEB): Beyond One-dimensional Static Robustness
HTEB introduces dynamic, multi-axis evaluation of text embedding robustness using LLM transformations, finding decoupled profiles across models and that scaling does not close all robustness gaps.
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LatentRAG: Latent Reasoning and Retrieval for Efficient Agentic RAG
LatentRAG performs agentic RAG by generating latent tokens for thoughts and subqueries in one forward pass, matching explicit methods' accuracy on seven benchmarks while reducing latency by ~90%.
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SkillRet: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Skill Retrieval in LLM Agents
SkillRet benchmark shows fine-tuned retrievers improve NDCG@10 by 13+ points over prior models on large-scale skill retrieval for LLM agents.
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LMEB: Long-horizon Memory Embedding Benchmark
LMEB benchmark shows that embedding models' performance on traditional retrieval does not transfer to long-horizon memory tasks, larger models do not always perform better, and LMEB measures capabilities orthogonal to MTEB.
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Iterate Until Retrieved: Factual Nugget Optimization for Discoverable Continual Corrections in Agentic RAG
INO is an index-time method that uses the production RAG agent to iteratively create, test with queries and paraphrases, reflect on failures, and revise factual nuggets until they are discoverable and used correctly.
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One prompt is not enough: Instruction Sensitivity Undermines Embedding Model Evaluation
Single-prompt evaluations of instruction-tuned embedding models misrepresent performance and allow any model to be ranked first by favorable prompt choice.
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MLAIRE: Multilingual Language-Aware Information Retrieval Evaluation Protocal
MLAIRE is a protocol that evaluates multilingual retrievers on both semantic accuracy and query-language preference using parallel passages and new metrics like LPR and Lang-nDCG, showing that standard metrics hide distinct behavioral differences among retrievers.
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Low-Cost Black-Box Detection of LLM Hallucinations via Dynamical System Prediction
A single-pass black-box method models LLM outputs as dynamical systems via Koopman operators to detect hallucinations with claimed state-of-the-art accuracy and lower cost.
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A Survey of Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval: Progress and Challenges
A survey that categorizes RIR benchmarks by domain and modality, proposes a taxonomy for integrating reasoning into retrieval pipelines, and outlines key challenges.
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Granite Embedding Multilingual R2 Models
Granite Embedding Multilingual R2 releases 311M and 97M parameter bi-encoder models that achieve state-of-the-art retrieval performance on multilingual text, code, long-document, and reasoning datasets.
- To MRL or not to MRL: Text Embeddings are Robust to Truncation Without Matryoshka Learning, Except In Heavy Truncation Scenarios
- Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Search
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