Replica wormhole geometries justify the replica trick computation of the Page curve in holographic black hole models and support entanglement wedge reconstruction via the Petz map.
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Quantum Extremal Surfaces: Holographic Entanglement Entropy beyond the Classical Regime
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abstract
We propose that holographic entanglement entropy can be calculated at arbitrary orders in the bulk Planck constant using the concept of a "quantum extremal surface": a surface which extremizes the generalized entropy, i.e. the sum of area and bulk entanglement entropy. At leading order in bulk quantum corrections, our proposal agrees with the formula of Faulkner, Lewkowycz, and Maldacena, which was derived only at this order; beyond leading order corrections, the two conjectures diverge. Quantum extremal surfaces lie outside the causal domain of influence of the boundary region as well as its complement, and in some spacetimes there are barriers preventing them from entering certain regions. We comment on the implications for bulk reconstruction.
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Replica wormholes in the gravitational path integral yield the island rule for the fine-grained entropy of Hawking radiation, ensuring it follows the unitary Page curve in two-dimensional dilaton gravity.
Hawking radiation entropy follows the Page curve when quantum extremal surfaces are identified with RT/HRT surfaces in a higher-dimensional holographic dual, making the black hole interior part of the radiation's entanglement wedge.
Twirled perfect tensor networks achieve computational covariance, bound complexity by the PLC, and obey a lattice Ryu-Takayanagi formula for arbitrary boundary subregions.
Bulk single-particle states of a massive Chern-Simons vector in AdS3 produce entanglement entropy corrections that match the CFT replica-trick result for the corresponding primary and descendants at leading and sub-leading orders, with vanishing edge-mode contribution.
In a 2d evaporating black hole model, large boosts create O(1/G_N) gradients in bulk entropy that move the quantum extremal surface, causing the generalized entropy to follow unitary expectations with information disappearing after a scrambling time and a phase transition at the Page time.
A locality-based commutant argument shows that finite-N holographic CFTs lack the protected logical sector required for holographic quantum error correction, leaving only region-by-region entanglement wedge reconstruction.
A cross-ratio threshold relation η'/η = e^{ΔH/2} governs entanglement-wedge phase transitions on pure-state holographic geometries, and uberholography's fractal dimension α ≈ 0.786 persists on asymptotic boundaries but not on RT-boundary geodesics.
Unitary QFTs are determined up to unitary isomorphism by closed-manifold partition functions; every reflection-positive partition function comes from a unitary QFT, so spatial wormholes do not break Hilbert-space factorization once the full charged spectrum is included.
The paper proposes a kinematic space for any subregion of vacuum AdS, whose geodesic 'PEE threads' uniformly cover the subregion and yield tensor-network models that reproduce Ryu-Takayanagi entropy and realize surface/state and generalized-wedge holography.
Two sets of holographic tensor network rules from independent papers are shown to be equivalent, connecting observer inclusion with generalized entanglement wedge proposals.
In double holography, quantum backreaction from cutoff matter on a physical brane supplies a distinct color variable, resolving color-volume degeneracy for the quantum BTZ black hole.
Short-time real-time pseudo entropy obeys S_A(t,0)=S_A(0)-it ⟨K_A(H−⟨H⟩)⟩ + O(t²), with imaginary response from symmetrized covariance of H and K_A.
A construction assigns pure states to subregions in quantum gravity via partially frozen path integrals and gives a holographic prescription for their entanglement entropy that satisfies consistency conditions and recovers known formulas.
Proposal that compact d-manifolds with elliptic data prepare boundary quantum states |J>, with Rényi entropies from path integrals agreeing with minimal-surface formulas after analytic continuation.
Holographic tensor networks constructed from PEE-thread tessellations of AdS geometry reproduce the exact Ryu-Takayanagi formula in factorized EPR, perfect-tensor, and random variants.
Modular Witten diagrams reproduce the O(λ² G_N) correction to holographic entanglement entropy, matching the canonical energy term in the quantum Ryu-Takayanagi formula with wedge shape deformation.
Algebraic entanglement entropy from type II1 algebras in double-scaled SYK is matched via triple-scaling limits to Ryu-Takayanagi areas in (A)dS2, reproducing Bekenstein-Hawking and Gibbons-Hawking formulas for specific regions while depending on Krylov complexity of the Hartle-Hawking state.
Typical states in large-N holographic CFTs exhibit UV and IR length scales set by energy and charges, producing factorization that isolates black holes via a corona of saturated entanglement wedges and extends ETH to rotating ensembles.
A semi-classical symplectic two-form is defined as the sum of the gravitational symplectic form and the Berry curvature of the quantum matter state; it is shown to be independent of the Cauchy slice and to satisfy a quantum generalization of the Hollands-Iyer-Wald identity.
In a Brownian SYK chain at strong coupling, information from an injected qudit spreads inside a sharp light-cone at the butterfly velocity because the governing dynamics reduce to FKPP domain walls.
Evanescent quantum extremal surfaces, bounded in area but not generalized entropy, diagnose failures of spacetime emergence in holography.
At large central charge, BCFT von Neumann entropy with deformed boundaries is reproduced by island entropy in an emergent JT gravity setup with transparent boundary conditions set by the deformation.
In JT gravity, the capacity of entanglement detects finite-n structure in the factorized island saddle that the entropy misses at first nontrivial order.
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Replica wormholes and the black hole interior
Replica wormhole geometries justify the replica trick computation of the Page curve in holographic black hole models and support entanglement wedge reconstruction via the Petz map.
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Replica wormholes in the gravitational path integral yield the island rule for the fine-grained entropy of Hawking radiation, ensuring it follows the unitary Page curve in two-dimensional dilaton gravity.
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The Page curve of Hawking radiation from semiclassical geometry
Hawking radiation entropy follows the Page curve when quantum extremal surfaces are identified with RT/HRT surfaces in a higher-dimensional holographic dual, making the black hole interior part of the radiation's entanglement wedge.
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Twirled Perfect Tensor Networks: Computationally covariant holographic tensor networks
Twirled perfect tensor networks achieve computational covariance, bound complexity by the PLC, and obey a lattice Ryu-Takayanagi formula for arbitrary boundary subregions.
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Precision tests of bulk entanglement: $AdS_3$ vectors
Bulk single-particle states of a massive Chern-Simons vector in AdS3 produce entanglement entropy corrections that match the CFT replica-trick result for the corresponding primary and descendants at leading and sub-leading orders, with vanishing edge-mode contribution.
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The entropy of bulk quantum fields and the entanglement wedge of an evaporating black hole
In a 2d evaporating black hole model, large boosts create O(1/G_N) gradients in bulk entropy that move the quantum extremal surface, causing the generalized entropy to follow unitary expectations with information disappearing after a scrambling time and a phase transition at the Page time.
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Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction without Holographic Quantum Error Correction
A locality-based commutant argument shows that finite-N holographic CFTs lack the protected logical sector required for holographic quantum error correction, leaving only region-by-region entanglement wedge reconstruction.
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Phase transitions and uberholography of holographic pure-state geometries
A cross-ratio threshold relation η'/η = e^{ΔH/2} governs entanglement-wedge phase transitions on pure-state holographic geometries, and uberholography's fractal dimension α ≈ 0.786 persists on asymptotic boundaries but not on RT-boundary geodesics.
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Wormholes as red herrings: reflection positivity and the reconstruction of unitary quantum field theories
Unitary QFTs are determined up to unitary isomorphism by closed-manifold partition functions; every reflection-positive partition function comes from a unitary QFT, so spatial wormholes do not break Hilbert-space factorization once the full charged spectrum is included.
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Holography and Kinematic Space for Gravitational Sub-regions in AdS
The paper proposes a kinematic space for any subregion of vacuum AdS, whose geodesic 'PEE threads' uniformly cover the subregion and yield tensor-network models that reproduce Ryu-Takayanagi entropy and realize surface/state and generalized-wedge holography.
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Subregion observer rules from generalized entanglement wedges
Two sets of holographic tensor network rules from independent papers are shown to be equivalent, connecting observer inclusion with generalized entanglement wedge proposals.
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Quantum Black Hole Chemistry from Double Holography
In double holography, quantum backreaction from cutoff matter on a physical brane supplies a distinct color variable, resolving color-volume degeneracy for the quantum BTZ black hole.
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Real-time pseudo entropy and modular-Hamiltonian correlations
Short-time real-time pseudo entropy obeys S_A(t,0)=S_A(0)-it ⟨K_A(H−⟨H⟩)⟩ + O(t²), with imaginary response from symmetrized covariance of H and K_A.
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Pure states for subregions in gravity and their entanglement entropy
A construction assigns pure states to subregions in quantum gravity via partially frozen path integrals and gives a holographic prescription for their entanglement entropy that satisfies consistency conditions and recovers known formulas.
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Quantum State of a Gravitating Region
Proposal that compact d-manifolds with elliptic data prepare boundary quantum states |J>, with Rényi entropies from path integrals agreeing with minimal-surface formulas after analytic continuation.
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Holographic Tensor Networks as Tessellations of Geometry
Holographic tensor networks constructed from PEE-thread tessellations of AdS geometry reproduce the exact Ryu-Takayanagi formula in factorized EPR, perfect-tensor, and random variants.
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Modular Witten Diagrams and Quantum Extremality
Modular Witten diagrams reproduce the O(λ² G_N) correction to holographic entanglement entropy, matching the canonical energy term in the quantum Ryu-Takayanagi formula with wedge shape deformation.
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Cosmological Entanglement Entropy from the von Neumann Algebra of Double-Scaled SYK & Its Connection with Krylov Complexity
Algebraic entanglement entropy from type II1 algebras in double-scaled SYK is matched via triple-scaling limits to Ryu-Takayanagi areas in (A)dS2, reproducing Bekenstein-Hawking and Gibbons-Hawking formulas for specific regions while depending on Krylov complexity of the Hartle-Hawking state.
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Entanglement inequalities, black holes and the architecture of typical states
Typical states in large-N holographic CFTs exhibit UV and IR length scales set by energy and charges, producing factorization that isolates black holes via a corona of saturated entanglement wedges and extends ETH to rotating ensembles.
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Covariant phase space and the semi-classical Einstein equation
A semi-classical symplectic two-form is defined as the sum of the gravitational symplectic form and the Berry curvature of the quantum matter state; it is shown to be independent of the Cauchy slice and to satisfy a quantum generalization of the Hollands-Iyer-Wald identity.
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Entanglement spreading and emergent locality in Brownian SYK chains
In a Brownian SYK chain at strong coupling, information from an injected qudit spreads inside a sharp light-cone at the butterfly velocity because the governing dynamics reduce to FKPP domain walls.
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A Semiclassical Diagnostic for Spacetime Emergence
Evanescent quantum extremal surfaces, bounded in area but not generalized entropy, diagnose failures of spacetime emergence in holography.
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Large-c BCFT Entanglement Entropy with Deformed Boundaries from Emergent JT Gravity
At large central charge, BCFT von Neumann entropy with deformed boundaries is reproduced by island entropy in an emergent JT gravity setup with transparent boundary conditions set by the deformation.
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Probing the Factorized Island Branch with the Capacity of Entanglement in JT Gravity
In JT gravity, the capacity of entanglement detects finite-n structure in the factorized island saddle that the entropy misses at first nontrivial order.
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The Remnant of an Evaporating Rotating Regular Black Hole from the Generalized Entropy in the Final Stage of Evaporation
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Multi-entropy in heavy local quenches
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UV Effects and Short-Lived Hawking Radiation: Alternative Resolution of Information Paradox
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