Uni-Mo generates 7,488 language-annotated quadruped motions via LLM prompts and video diffusion, lifts them to 3D trajectories, and trains policies achieving 96.7% real-robot success on 392 sampled motions.
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Humanplus: Hu- manoid shadowing and imitation from humans
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abstract
One of the key arguments for building robots that have similar form factors to human beings is that we can leverage the massive human data for training. Yet, doing so has remained challenging in practice due to the complexities in humanoid perception and control, lingering physical gaps between humanoids and humans in morphologies and actuation, and lack of a data pipeline for humanoids to learn autonomous skills from egocentric vision. In this paper, we introduce a full-stack system for humanoids to learn motion and autonomous skills from human data. We first train a low-level policy in simulation via reinforcement learning using existing 40-hour human motion datasets. This policy transfers to the real world and allows humanoid robots to follow human body and hand motion in real time using only a RGB camera, i.e. shadowing. Through shadowing, human operators can teleoperate humanoids to collect whole-body data for learning different tasks in the real world. Using the data collected, we then perform supervised behavior cloning to train skill policies using egocentric vision, allowing humanoids to complete different tasks autonomously by imitating human skills. We demonstrate the system on our customized 33-DoF 180cm humanoid, autonomously completing tasks such as wearing a shoe to stand up and walk, unloading objects from warehouse racks, folding a sweatshirt, rearranging objects, typing, and greeting another robot with 60-100% success rates using up to 40 demonstrations. Project website: https://humanoid-ai.github.io/
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representative citing papers
BeyondMimic combines compact motion tracking with a unified guided latent diffusion model to master diverse agile behaviors from human demos and solve unseen downstream tasks via test-time classifier guidance.
Wrist-guided whole-body RL retargets human–object interactions without finger pose supervision, matching supervised methods and generalizing across hand morphologies in simulation.
A force-aware humanoid benchmark pairs synchronized human motion-force data with simulation-based force replay to evaluate whole-body control policies under realistic physical disturbances.
Human-as-Humanoid converts ego-exo human videos into executable 60-DoF humanoid actions through embodiment alignment and retargeting, enabling zero-shot real-robot policy deployment without target-task teleoperation data.
FADA is a three-stage Planner-IDM method that achieves few-shot domain adaptation for humanoid control by distilling an oracle policy then finetuning only the IDM on short target-domain rollouts via supervised learning.
CWI decouples MoCap data for upper-body manipulation and lower-body locomotion, using dual discriminators and multi-critic training plus distillation to produce a policy that works from hand poses and velocity commands alone.
PressMimic fuses RGB and pressure for pose estimation via FRAPPE++ and uses pressure signals in RL policy PSP, backed by the MotionPRO dataset, to achieve physically consistent humanoid motion imitation.
OmniContact introduces contact flow as a shared representation of body trajectories and contact signals to learn and chain loco-manipulation meta-skills, reporting 98.7% success on box carrying and 76.5% on push-stack tasks.
CoorDex distills privileged body and hand motion teachers into proprioceptive latent priors and composes them via shared-context residual RL heads to enable continuous high-DoF dexterous loco-manipulation.
OpenHLM is an empirical recipe yielding a whole-body humanoid VLA model that outperforms GR00T N1.6 and Ψ0 baselines on long-horizon tasks using less than half the demonstration time.
GLAM learns a shared latent action space grounded in consistent future observation prediction across heterogeneous data sources to train improved behavioral cloning policies for robot manipulation tasks.
Stubborn introduces a unified RL framework with yaw-aligned representation, Bernoulli probabilistic termination, and adaptive sampling for robust humanoid motion tracking and fall recovery.
EgoPriMo learns a unified egocentric motion prior with a Triple-stream DiT model that supports reconstruction, generation, and forecasting of SMPL motions from egocentric views and text, outperforming prior methods and transferable to humanoid controllers.
A data-centric approach shows that less than 3% of AMASS motion data, filtered by physics feasibility, diversity, and complexity, yields better humanoid tracking policies than the full dataset.
TAGA learns terrain-aware active gaze behaviors for humanoid robots via RL alone, enabling generalizable locomotion with 1.2m real-world gap traversal.
Imagine2Real enables zero-shot humanoid-object interaction by unifying motions as 4D point trajectories, tracking only base/hands/object keypoints inside a BFM latent space, and training with progressive simple rewards for mocap deployment.
BifrostUMI enables robot-free human demonstration capture via VR and wrist cameras to train visuomotor policies that predict keypoint trajectories for transfer to humanoid whole-body control through retargeting.
A weightlessness mechanism enables humanoid robots to dynamically relax joints for stable, contact-rich motions across diverse environments without task-specific tuning.
RoSHI is a hybrid wearable that combines sparse IMUs and egocentric SLAM to capture accurate full-body 3D pose and shape data in natural environments for robot learning.
NMR uses VAE-based clustered expert physics refinement and a CNN-Transformer to learn dynamics-aware retargeting, eliminating joint jumps and self-collisions on Unitree G1 while accelerating downstream control policies.
A modular system uses motion matching to compose long-horizon human skill chains, trains RL experts, and distills them into a depth-based policy that lets a Unitree G1 humanoid autonomously climb, vault, and roll over obstacles up to 1.25 m tall.
HUSKY combines humanoid-skateboard dynamics modeling with adversarial motion priors and physics-guided lean-to-steer strategies to achieve real-world stable skateboarding on a humanoid robot.
RIGVid shows that filtered AI-generated videos can serve as effective supervision for complex robotic manipulation tasks without any real demonstrations.
citing papers explorer
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Unleashing Infinite Motion: Scaling Expressive Quadrupedal Motion via Generative Video Priors
Uni-Mo generates 7,488 language-annotated quadruped motions via LLM prompts and video diffusion, lifts them to 3D trajectories, and trains policies achieving 96.7% real-robot success on 392 sampled motions.
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BeyondMimic: From Motion Tracking to Versatile Humanoid Control via Guided Diffusion
BeyondMimic combines compact motion tracking with a unified guided latent diffusion model to master diverse agile behaviors from human demos and solve unseen downstream tasks via test-time classifier guidance.
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WristMimic: Full-Body Humanoid Control with Wrist-Guided Manipulation
Wrist-guided whole-body RL retargets human–object interactions without finger pose supervision, matching supervised methods and generalizing across hand morphologies in simulation.
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ThorArena: Benchmarking Humanoid Physical Interaction with Human Motion-Force Demonstrations
A force-aware humanoid benchmark pairs synchronized human motion-force data with simulation-based force replay to evaluate whole-body control policies under realistic physical disturbances.
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Human-as-Humanoid: Enabling Zero-Shot Humanoid Learning from Ego-Exo Human Videos with Human-Aligned Embodiments
Human-as-Humanoid converts ego-exo human videos into executable 60-DoF humanoid actions through embodiment alignment and retargeting, enabling zero-shot real-robot policy deployment without target-task teleoperation data.
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FADA: Few-Shot Domain Adaptation via Dynamics Alignment for Humanoid Control
FADA is a three-stage Planner-IDM method that achieves few-shot domain adaptation for humanoid control by distilling an oracle policy then finetuning only the IDM on short target-domain rollouts via supervised learning.
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CWI: Composite Humanoid Whole-Body Imitation System for Loco-manipulation
CWI decouples MoCap data for upper-body manipulation and lower-body locomotion, using dual discriminators and multi-critic training plus distillation to produce a policy that works from hand poses and velocity commands alone.
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PressMimic: Pressure-Guided Motion Capture and Control for Humanoid Robot Imitation
PressMimic fuses RGB and pressure for pose estimation via FRAPPE++ and uses pressure signals in RL policy PSP, backed by the MotionPRO dataset, to achieve physically consistent humanoid motion imitation.
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OmniContact: Chaining Meta-Skills via Contact Flow for Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
OmniContact introduces contact flow as a shared representation of body trajectories and contact signals to learn and chain loco-manipulation meta-skills, reporting 98.7% success on box carrying and 76.5% on push-stack tasks.
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CoorDex: Coordinating Body and Hand Priors for Continuous Dexterous Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
CoorDex distills privileged body and hand motion teachers into proprioceptive latent priors and composes them via shared-context residual RL heads to enable continuous high-DoF dexterous loco-manipulation.
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OpenHLM: An Empirical Recipe for Whole-Body Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
OpenHLM is an empirical recipe yielding a whole-body humanoid VLA model that outperforms GR00T N1.6 and Ψ0 baselines on long-horizon tasks using less than half the demonstration time.
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Imitation from Heterogeneous Demonstrations using Grounded Latent-Action World Models
GLAM learns a shared latent action space grounded in consistent future observation prediction across heterogeneous data sources to train improved behavioral cloning policies for robot manipulation tasks.
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Stubborn: A Streamlined and Unified Reinforcement Learning Framework for Robust Motion Tracking and Fall Recovery for Humanoids
Stubborn introduces a unified RL framework with yaw-aligned representation, Bernoulli probabilistic termination, and adaptive sampling for robust humanoid motion tracking and fall recovery.
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EgoPriMo: Egocentric Motion Generation for Interactive Humanoid Control
EgoPriMo learns a unified egocentric motion prior with a Triple-stream DiT model that supports reconstruction, generation, and forecasting of SMPL motions from egocentric views and text, outperforming prior methods and transferable to humanoid controllers.
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LIMMT: Less is More for Motion Tracking
A data-centric approach shows that less than 3% of AMASS motion data, filtered by physics feasibility, diversity, and complexity, yields better humanoid tracking policies than the full dataset.
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TAGA: Terrain-aware Active Gaze Learning for Generalizable Agile Humanoid Locomotion
TAGA learns terrain-aware active gaze behaviors for humanoid robots via RL alone, enabling generalizable locomotion with 1.2m real-world gap traversal.
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Imagine2Real: Towards Zero-shot Humanoid-Object Interaction via Video Generative Priors
Imagine2Real enables zero-shot humanoid-object interaction by unifying motions as 4D point trajectories, tracking only base/hands/object keypoints inside a BFM latent space, and training with progressive simple rewards for mocap deployment.
-
BifrostUMI: Bridging Robot-Free Demonstrations and Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulation
BifrostUMI enables robot-free human demonstration capture via VR and wrist cameras to train visuomotor policies that predict keypoint trajectories for transfer to humanoid whole-body control through retargeting.
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Learn Weightlessness: Imitate Non-Self-Stabilizing Motions on Humanoid Robot
A weightlessness mechanism enables humanoid robots to dynamically relax joints for stable, contact-rich motions across diverse environments without task-specific tuning.
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RoSHI: A Versatile Robot-oriented Suit for Human Data In-the-Wild
RoSHI is a hybrid wearable that combines sparse IMUs and egocentric SLAM to capture accurate full-body 3D pose and shape data in natural environments for robot learning.
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Make Tracking Easy: Neural Motion Retargeting for Humanoid Whole-body Control
NMR uses VAE-based clustered expert physics refinement and a CNN-Transformer to learn dynamics-aware retargeting, eliminating joint jumps and self-collisions on Unitree G1 while accelerating downstream control policies.
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Perceptive Humanoid Parkour: Chaining Dynamic Human Skills via Motion Matching
A modular system uses motion matching to compose long-horizon human skill chains, trains RL experts, and distills them into a depth-based policy that lets a Unitree G1 humanoid autonomously climb, vault, and roll over obstacles up to 1.25 m tall.
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HUSKY: Humanoid Skateboarding System via Physics-Aware Whole-Body Control
HUSKY combines humanoid-skateboard dynamics modeling with adversarial motion priors and physics-guided lean-to-steer strategies to achieve real-world stable skateboarding on a humanoid robot.
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Robotic Manipulation by Imitating Generated Videos Without Physical Demonstrations
RIGVid shows that filtered AI-generated videos can serve as effective supervision for complex robotic manipulation tasks without any real demonstrations.
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DreamPolicy: A Unified World-model Policy for Scalable Humanoid Locomotion
DreamPolicy integrates an autoregressive diffusion world model with policy learning to produce a single scalable policy that generalizes to unseen composite terrains for humanoid locomotion.
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CoT-VLA: Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action Models
CoT-VLA is a 7B VLA that generates future visual frames autoregressively as planning goals before actions, outperforming prior VLAs by 17% on real-world tasks and 6% in simulation.
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DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Control
DexVLA combines a scaled diffusion action expert with embodiment curriculum learning to achieve better generalization and performance than prior VLA models on diverse robot hardware and long-horizon tasks.
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HEFT: Heavy-Payload Full-size Humanoid Teleoperation with Privileged Motion Guidance and Windowed Payload Curriculum
HEFT enables tracking of human motions including locomotion and squats on a 175cm 65kg humanoid under up to 24kg payloads by combining Privileged Motion Guidance from noisy VR data with a Windowed Payload Curriculum.
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OASIS: From Simulation Data Collection to Real-World Humanoid Loco-Manipulation
OASIS generates scalable simulation data for humanoid loco-manipulation via 3D generative asset reconstruction and domain randomization, yielding a policy with higher zero-shot real-world success than real-robot teleoperation data.
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MuGen: Multi-Skill Generative Locomotion Controller for Humanoid Robots
MuGen learns a generative latent representation of multi-skill humanoid locomotion from heterogeneous human data using VQ-VAEs and RL, then distills a deployable policy that tracks unseen motions and reuses the latent space.
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HoloMotion-1 Technical Report
HoloMotion-1 trains a MoE Transformer policy on hybrid video and MoCap motion data to achieve robust zero-shot tracking that transfers directly to real humanoid robots.
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Switch: Learning Agile Skills Switching for Humanoid Robots
Switch enables humanoid robots to perform agile, seamless transitions between locomotion skills via a kinematic skill graph, DRL tracking policy, and real-time graph-search scheduler.
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Learning Versatile Humanoid Manipulation with Touch Dreaming
HTD, a multimodal transformer policy trained with behavioral cloning and touch dreaming to predict future tactile latents, achieves a 90.9% relative success rate improvement over baselines on five real-world contact-rich humanoid loco-manipulation tasks.
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Toward Seamless Physical Human-Humanoid Interaction: Insights from Control, Intent, and Modeling with a Vision for What Comes Next
A literature review of pHHI that proposes a taxonomy of interaction types by modality and engagement level while outlining pathways to integrate control, intent, and modeling for more seamless humanoid-human collaboration.
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Booster Lab: A Data-Centric Pipeline for Learning Deployable Humanoid Locomotion Policies
Describes an integrated pipeline for curating motion data, adapting real-to-sim models, applying AMP-based RL, and deploying locomotion policies on Booster T1 and K1 humanoid robots.
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RPG: Robust Policy Gating for Smooth Multi-Skill Transitions in Humanoid Fighting
RPG trains a unified humanoid robot policy using motion and temporal randomization to achieve smooth, stable transitions between fighting skills and locomotion.
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Immersive Social Interaction with VR and LLM-Assisted Humanoids
Novice operators achieved 80% success on object manipulation and 70% on social cube-passing using a VR-and-LLM-assisted humanoid teleoperation framework on a Unitree H1.