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Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

Canonical reference. 80% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.

18 Pith papers citing it
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abstract

A golden age for heavy quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the $B$-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations. The plethora of newly-found quarkonium-like states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c\bar{c}, b\bar{b}, and b\bar{c} bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.

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2026 17 2019 1

representative citing papers

Gluon mass and small-x dynamics in hadrons

hep-th · 2026-06-28 · unverdicted · novelty 5.0

Introduces a gluon mass and auxiliary scalar field to cancel small-x divergences in the front-form QCD Hamiltonian, yielding confinement for heavy quarks as the mass parameter is sent to zero.

Principles and Possibilities for Bound States in Gauge Theory

hep-ph · 2026-06-07 · unverdicted · novelty 4.0 · 2 refs

Canonical quantization in temporal gauge produces instantaneous bound-state potentials in QED and QCD; a non-vanishing boundary condition on the longitudinal gluon field at infinity yields confinement for color singlets and permits perturbative hadron calculations plus spontaneous chiral symmetry br

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