In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
Wave Effects in Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Chirping Binaries
13 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
In the gravitational lensing of gravitational waves, the wave optics should be used instead of the geometrical optics when the wavelength $\lambda$ of the gravitational waves is longer than the Schwarzschild radius of the lens mass $M_L$. For the gravitational lensing of the chirp signals from the coalescence of the super massive black holes at the redshift $z_S\sim 1$ relevant to LISA, the wave effects become important for the lens mass smaller than $\sim 10^8 M_{\odot}$. For such cases, we compute how accurately we can extract the mass of the lens and the source position from the lensed signal. We consider two simple lens models: the point mass lens and the SIS (Singular Isothermal Sphere). We find that the lens mass and the source position can be determined within $\sim 0.1% [(S/N)/10^3]^{-1}$ for the lens mass larger than $10^8 M_{\odot}$ and $\gsim 10% [(S/N)/10^3]^{-1}$ for the lens mass smaller than $10^7 M_{\odot}$ due to the diffraction effect, where $(S/N)$ is the signal to noise ratio of the unlensed chirp signals. For the SIS model, if the source position is outside the Einstein radius, only a single image exists in the geometrical optics approximation so that the lens parameters can not be determined. While in the wave optics cases we find that the lens mass can be determined even for $M_L < 10^8 M_{\odot}$. For the point mass lens, one can extract the lens parameters even if the source position is far outside the Einstein radius. As a result, the lensing cross section is an order of magnitude larger than that for the usual strong lensing of light.
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Authors synthesize SVD-based reduced-order models from wave-optics simulations to provide an effective stochastic description of stellar microlensing distortions on lensed gravitational waves.
Strong lensing of MBHBs produces identifiable beat patterns in about 7% of detectable two-image LISA events, with Bayesian inference recovering time delay and magnification parameters.
A two-step Bayesian reweighting scheme using Euclid galaxy locations boosts the Bayes factor for true lensed GW pairs by a factor of about 10 while lowering it for unlensed coincidences.
Neural spline flows perform fast posterior inference on 11-dimensional millilensed GW parameters with accuracy comparable to dynesty for most quantities and a 3-day to 0.8-second speedup.
Unmodeled point-mass lensing produces a spurious nonzero graviton mass posterior in GW231123 that vanishes when lensing is included in the analysis.
Future CE+ET detectors may detect lensed BNS kilonovae at ~0.5/yr via pointed follow-up of known galaxy lenses, while lensed sGRBs and afterglows remain rare or undetectable with current-generation facilities.
Finite cores in low-mass dark matter halos produce distinct complex residuals in LISA-band wave-optics amplification that cannot be fully mimicked by lower-concentration NFW profiles and peak at rc/rs ≃ 0.25-0.3.
GW231123 data favors an overlapping two-signal model over a single merger with Bayes factors of 100-10000, mitigating waveform-dependent discrepancies and suggesting possible gravitational lensing.
Hydrodynamic drag makes BBH waveforms resemble higher-mass vacuum sources, biasing matched-filter chirp-mass estimates upward for LISA sources.
Simulations indicate joint Taiji+LISA analysis of five SLGW events yields H0 95% credible interval uncertainties of 0.11 (source redshift unknown) or 0.042 (source redshift known).
Using HBI on GWTC-4 data the authors compute lensed SGWBs for ABHs and PBHs and conclude that LIGO and ET can distinguish the two formation channels in specific frequency ranges, with ET offering broader coverage.
The paper provides state-of-the-art predictions for the Einstein Telescope's impact on fundamental physics, cosmology, compact-object astrophysics, and multi-messenger astronomy across its proposed configurations.
citing papers explorer
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Wave-optics gravitational wave lensing in modified gravity
In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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Effective description of lensed gravitational waves diffracted by stellar fields
Authors synthesize SVD-based reduced-order models from wave-optics simulations to provide an effective stochastic description of stellar microlensing distortions on lensed gravitational waves.
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Identification of Lensed Gravitational-Wave Beat Patterns by LISA
Strong lensing of MBHBs produces identifiable beat patterns in about 7% of detectable two-image LISA events, with Bayesian inference recovering time delay and magnification parameters.
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Improved Identification of Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves with Host Galaxy Locations
A two-step Bayesian reweighting scheme using Euclid galaxy locations boosts the Bayes factor for true lensed GW pairs by a factor of about 10 while lowering it for unlensed coincidences.
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Parameter inference of millilensed gravitational waves using neural spline flows
Neural spline flows perform fast posterior inference on 11-dimensional millilensed GW parameters with accuracy comparable to dynesty for most quantities and a 3-day to 0.8-second speedup.
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GW231123: False Massive Graviton Signatures from Unmodeled Point-Mass Lensing
Unmodeled point-mass lensing produces a spurious nonzero graviton mass posterior in GW231123 that vanishes when lensing is included in the analysis.
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Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers
Future CE+ET detectors may detect lensed BNS kilonovae at ~0.5/yr via pointed follow-up of known galaxy lenses, while lensed sGRBs and afterglows remain rare or undetectable with current-generation facilities.
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Finite-Core Signatures in LISA-Band Wave-Optics Lensing by Low-Mass Dark Matter Halos
Finite cores in low-mass dark matter halos produce distinct complex residuals in LISA-band wave-optics amplification that cannot be fully mimicked by lower-concentration NFW profiles and peak at rc/rs ≃ 0.25-0.3.
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GW231123: Overlapping Gravitational Wave Signals?
GW231123 data favors an overlapping two-signal model over a single merger with Bayes factors of 100-10000, mitigating waveform-dependent discrepancies and suggesting possible gravitational lensing.
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Retrieving the True Masses of Gravitational-wave Sources
Hydrodynamic drag makes BBH waveforms resemble higher-mass vacuum sources, biasing matched-filter chirp-mass estimates upward for LISA sources.
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Measuring the Hubble constant with strongly lensed gravitational waves from space-based detector networks
Simulations indicate joint Taiji+LISA analysis of five SLGW events yields H0 95% credible interval uncertainties of 0.11 (source redshift unknown) or 0.042 (source redshift known).
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Effects of formation channels and gravitational lensing on stochastic gravitational wave background
Using HBI on GWTC-4 data the authors compute lensed SGWBs for ABHs and PBHs and conclude that LIGO and ET can distinguish the two formation channels in specific frequency ranges, with ET offering broader coverage.
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The Science of the Einstein Telescope
The paper provides state-of-the-art predictions for the Einstein Telescope's impact on fundamental physics, cosmology, compact-object astrophysics, and multi-messenger astronomy across its proposed configurations.