Young giant stars reveal a flaring Milky Way disc with 3.5 kpc radial scale and extended spiral arms including a curved Perseus segment and a new Scutum-associated feature.
J., Hernquist L., Fullagar D
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Mutual information analysis of TNG50 simulations shows gravitational potential and total energy retain merger mass and infall time information longest, while radial velocity loses it within ~5 Gyr, with washout depending on radius, merger age, and mass.
Simulations show Lindblad-resonance wrinkles from non-winding spirals are filled with zero-age stars on orbits normally occupied by much older populations, offering an age-based constraint on past transient spiral patterns.
In TNG50, compact dwarf satellites (log M_star 8.4-9.2) form via DM-rich gas inflows in low-merger environments, tidal stripping for DM-poor cases, and ram-pressure starbursts for some metal-rich ones.
Simulations show that observed rotation in 13.5-Gyr-old alpha-rich stars constrains the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger to mass ratios below 1:4, with interaction and starburst times both near 11 Gyr.
Local disk galaxies have thin vertical structures with median scale heights of 0.22 kpc and negligible flaring, consistent with the Milky Way thin disk and positively correlated with stellar mass down to 10^7 solar masses.