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Compact binary systems in scalar-tensor gravit y. II. Tensor gravitational waves to second post-Newtonian order

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abstract

We derive the tensor gravitational waveform generated by a binary of nonspinning compact objects (black holes or neutron stars) in a general class of scalar-tensor theories of gravity. The waveform is accurate to second post-Newtonian order beyond the leading order quadrupole approximation. We use the direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations formalism, appropriately adapted to scalar-tensor theories, along with previous results for the equations of motion in these theories. The self-gravity of the compact objects is treated with an approach developed by Eardley. The scalar field causes deviations from the general relativistic waveform that depend only on a small number of parameters. Among the effects of the scalar field are new hereditary terms which depend on the past history of the source. One of these, a dipole-dipole coupling, produces a zero-frequency "gravitational-wave memory" equivalent to the Christodoulou memory of general relativity. In the special case of two black holes, the waveform reduces to the general relativistic waveform. For a mixed (black hole-neutron star) system, the waveform is identical to that of Einstein's theory to first post-Newtonian order, with deviations at higher order depending only on a single parameter. The behavior in these cases matches that found for the equations of motion.

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representative citing papers

Gravitational Memory from Hairy Binary Black Hole Mergers

gr-qc · 2026-04-10 · unverdicted · novelty 8.0

Gravitational memory from hairy binary black hole mergers in scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity differs from GR by a few percent due to altered nonlinear dynamics, with direct scalar contributions suppressed, and including memory increases GR-sGB mismatch by more than an order of magnitude.

Black hole mergers beyond general relativity: a self-force approach

gr-qc · 2025-10-13 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

Self-force theory is extended to compute merger and ringdown waveforms in beyond-GR black hole binaries under the extreme mass-ratio approximation, with first calculations of self-force corrections to the merger waveform.

Scalar memory from compact binary coalescences

gr-qc · 2026-05-08 · conditional · novelty 7.0

In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.

Tests of General Relativity with GWTC-3

gr-qc · 2021-12-13 · accept · novelty 3.0

No evidence for physics beyond general relativity is found in the analysis of 15 GW events from GWTC-3, with consistency in residuals, PN parameters, and remnant properties.

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